Generalized portraits of the 12 socionic functions of the psyche (semantics of functions)

Table 4. Generalized portraits of the 12 socionic functions of the psyche (semantics of functions)

	Main generalized semantics of the functions of the psyche — based on the lists of questionnaire items presented below, predominantly associated with each of the 12 functions.	Hypotheses about the cerebral biochemical background correlated with strong function
Ni	Pessimism, depressive mood, with frequent notes of auto-aggression – masochism or suicidal tendencies. Frequent symptoms of derealization and depersonalization, , with a sense of alienation from the surrounding world. Laziness. Negligence, lack of diligence, unreliability, weakness of motivations. Symptoms of apathy and abulia. Egoism, indifference, and frequent hostility toward other people, indifference toward children. Dreaminess with withdrawal from reality into a fantasy fictional world, where one becomes only an observer. Scenario-based mental modeling of both past and various fictional events, as a rule lacking pragmatic meaning. Frequent illusions of anticipation. Ni has the capacity for forecasts, for thoughts about the future, but in its characteristic pessimistic-depressive coordinate system it has little interest in the future, and its forecasts have a negativistic character (Ni provides frequent thoughts about the future only “on request,” when it is a subordinate creative function). The physiological capacity itself for thoughts about the future is blocked by program Si and its active serotonergic mechanisms — in this sense, the capacity for forecasting, which requires rational evaluative mechanisms, is less an Ni-property than an “anti-Si” property. The Ni subject is characterized by a high capacity for introspection and self-analysis. An orientation toward searching for and seeing primarily dangers and threats in the surrounding world. For them, the situation of solitude is comfortable and habitual. Secretiveness, weakness of the need to communicate and share information. Avoidance of close bodily contact, avoidance of physical activity. Preference for twilight and darkness, more often a “night owl” in sleep schedule. The most introverted function of all.	High glutamatergic activity (increased activation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors of glutamate is associated with depression, auto-aggression, and anxiety), low serotonergic and cholinergic activity, and probably a decrease in dopaminergic activity of the CNS.
Ne	Curiosity, a drive toward the perception of novelty, toward constructing, combining, and making sense of new combinations of elements. Ideational originality. Paradoxicality of thinking. Likes novelty, uncertainty, incompleteness. What has been superficially assimilated and superficially understood quickly becomes of little interest, being replaced by a drive toward something else new. Fantasies do not have a sequential-plot character, but a characteristic “fragmented” character, with almost chaotic “jumping” from the initial point-object in the most diverse associative directions in search of similarity according to some criteria, often involuntarily changing, with the sudden intrusion into the thought process of associations that have only just come to mind. Associations by adjacency (situational, temporal — that is, capable of unfolding into a sequential chain) do not predominate; rather, associations by the structure and external form of phenomena predominate (that is, static associations — chaotic and practically not ordered into any such sequence where one thing could follow from another in time). Likes surprises. Sudden turns of thought are characteristic; in thoughts and in conversation, often jumps from topic to topic (under the influence of new associations-considerations that have come to mind). Under the influence of sudden thoughts-associations, often “drops out mentally” both from conversation and from the perception of the surrounding reality — hence increased absent-mindedness in behavior, inattentiveness to the surrounding environment. Fine motor skills tend to be impaired (probably because of increased noradrenaline), and coordination of movements as a whole is also impaired. Lifestyle is characterized by adventurousness, carefreeness, absent-mindedness, and lack of discipline. The presence of many different interests is characteristic (usually unstable ones). The dominant principle in life is the principle of the next current interest (“interesting” is the main word). In everything surrounding them, they value pluralism and multiple alternatives, openness to change, informational openness, and freedom of information exchange. In behavior, uninhibitedness and impulsive improvisation dominate over systematicity and predictability. Negligence in one’s appearance, in the organization and order of one’s everyday life. Easily picks up other people’s positive emotions (hope). Optimistic hope predominates over skepticism in their thoughts. Interests are directed toward surrounding possibilities, and therefore are to a significant degree linked with the future. In relation to surrounding people, they are not malicious, quick to forgive, and undemanding. They need them as links in information exchange. Introspection is not interesting to them. Interest in any “bodily pleasures” is noticeably reduced. Selectivity in retrieving events from memory is reduced (they may get confused in recent memories).	High dopaminergic activity, low serotonergic activity. Glutamatergic activity (associated with anxiety and depression) is more likely to be reduced, while noradrenergic activity is increased.
Si	Pleasure, satiety, enjoyment, food, appetite, bodily comfort. Heightened sensitivity to one’s own well-being. Also has a good sense of their body, its muscles, even internal organs. Muscles are relaxed, without tension. Well-developed brain map of their body and the space immediately surrounding it — hence good coordination and spatial orientation. High sensitivity to olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and proprioceptive sensations. Feels the shape of objects well (sculpture is their thing). Well-developed fine motor skills (dexterous hands, fingers, and fine manual work brings pleasure). Movements are flexible, soft, unhurried, with no clumsiness. Relaxation, rest. Compromising and peace-loving. Avoids stress, and thus any conflicts. Focused on the present. A subject with base Si simply cannot physically think about the future (it doesn’t work, they cannot mentally penetrate the veil of the future). Therefore, they don’t make plans (and rarely, with difficulty, think about the past), but live in a stream of current sensations. In general, imagining anything they do not currently see or feel is difficult for them. Complex scenario fantasies - especially difficult. Focused on getting enough sleep, eating slowly and with pleasure, getting a massage, and settling into a cozy pose in a comfortable chair. Not prone to dizziness or orthostatic collapses (meaning drops in blood pressure and dizziness upon suddenly rising from a lying position). Not prone to anxiety or anxious thoughts. Does not notice dangers. Very far removed from any philosophy or abstract reasoning. Thinking is concrete. Tends to simplify life in their understanding and perception. Generally not inclined to reflect on the past or future (their own or others’). Unable to plan not only the future but even their current day to some extent (they simply can’t plan activities over time, nor can they look into the future). Also not prone to fears. In food and any pleasures, they always know moderation and harmony — they never overdo it (overeating is not about Si, despite all its gourmet tendencies). Life flows in harmony, peace, and calm without any emotional turbulence. Anger, malice, rage, struggle, active life positions, interference in others’ affairs, planning, foresight, sense of danger, anxiety, auto-aggression, depersonalization symptoms with body schema disturbances, loss of appetite — all of this in Si is far below average. From an evolutionary standpoint, there is likely a close connection between the Si strategy of certain primates and their high specialization in grooming. What Si and Ne share, which allows them to be grouped under the “peripheral” pole, is peacefulness (somewhat more pronounced in introverted Si) and a generally benevolent-interested attitude towards other people (absent in both Ni and Se).	Reduction in overall noradrenaline activity, significant increase in serotonin activity. Postsynaptic NMDA receptor activity of glutamate is reduced or at a medium level. Overall DA activity is reduced, ACh is unremarkable.
Se	High competitiveness of behavior, proactive aggression, territorial aggression. Love of power. Forceful pressure and the escalation of fear as preferred strategies. Believes that the strong have the right to enjoy all the material goods of life by exploiting the weak and taking away the fruits of their labor. Egoistic; for the sake of their own interests, easily tramples on the interests of others, without regard even for their proportionality in absolute magnitude. Likes to demonstrate their superiority (showing off and deliberately humiliating others as possible substrategies of this). Fearlessness. Low vegetative-emotional reactivity to situations of struggle and threat (bradycardia, low heart rate in emotion-generating situations, is especially characteristic). Aggression has a “cold” character — that is, it is not defensive, but specifically proactive; it begins not from rage, but much more often from boredom. Rage is more often demonstrative and controlled, and in any case appears only after the beginning of aggression (as a subsequent adrenaline surge that additionally helps physical mobilization). High sexuality, increased libido. Good coordination of movements. Intensive metabolism (less sensitive to cold than others). Prefers radical solutions, fraught with the expansion of conflict. Anxiety, shame, guilt, and respect for the rights and interests of other people are uncharacteristic. Feelings of revelation and “grasping the essence” from dopamine surges are uncharacteristic. Quick decision-making. Moral egoism (demands placed on others are much higher than those placed on oneself). Uninhibitedness of movements. Weak functioning of mirror neurons. Rapid wound healing. Reduced pain sensitivity. Instantaneous impulsive reactions to changes in the surrounding environment. Opposition from others does not calm them, , but only provokes them to intensify their own forceful pressure and aggression. Conflict is a source of pleasure, not unpleasant experiences. Thoughts are concrete and highly selective (without fantasies). The voice is more likely low than high (and other symptoms of increased testosterone and generally androgenic activity are also characteristic). High tolerance to respiratory viral disease. What Se and Ni have in common, allowing them to be united into one pole of “decisive” traits, is the increased egoism and hostility toward people simultaneously characteristic of them (more pronounced in Se, and less pronounced in Ni because of its passivity). What Se and Si have in common is concreteness of thinking, poverty or absence of fantasies, good development of the spatial map, and good coordination of movements.	High ACh and testosterone, low glutamate activity. Serotonin and norepinephrine are average or above average, dopamine is average or below average. Oxytocin is reduced, vasopressin is increased.
Ti	Ti creates a static map of the surrounding reality to simplify the subject’s orientation in the environment. Since no “imprint” of reality can be analog and at the same time one hundred percent perfect (the brain simply doesn’t have enough resources for that), Ti is therefore forced to divide and classify reality, to distinguish the important from the unimportant in it (that is, to build hierarchical models), and also, most importantly, to identify similar traits, so that instead of a thousand different descriptions it can ultimately use only a few universal ones. The methods of Ti are the evaluation of structures, classifications, and concepts. The classification and systematization of objects into the cells of structures. Ascending inductive cognition of the world (specifically analytical cognition, not perception — it is cognition that proceeds in Ti from the particular to the general, by identifying similar traits and constructing generalized schemes and models; perception, conversely, more often proceeds from the general to the particular — after all, this is precisely what the “maps of reality” produced by Ti are needed for). The classification of objects from the standpoint of criteria of the important and the unimportant, the primary and the secondary, cause and effect. Unification and standardization. Comparison of objects or their elements with various criteria. Sorting. Analysis of complex phenomena by constructing their hierarchical models. An instinctive predisposition toward mastery of the laws of formal mathematical logic, and their use in the evaluation of objects, events, and phenomena. An abundance in speech of special words that increase the precision of transmitting the formal-logical meanings embedded in a phrase (strictness in the construction of the phrase, an abundance of function words clarifying logical interrelations, fastidiousness in the use of cases and prepositions that reflect logical interrelations between words). Perfectionism in the construction of logical models, where every small element is important, since even one small element can destroy the logical coherence of the entire construction. For the same reason — careful treatment of the “truth of facts,” unwillingness to distort them to suit another person’s opinion, even that of a superior. Interest in the structure of the state system as one of the most important systems of the surrounding world. Increased interest in any spheres of activity that use or reveal static structures of logical interrelations — science, jurisprudence, programming, mathematics, encryption and decryption, cartography, archaeology, etc. Interest in constructing mathematical models of social and natural phenomena. The main thing in Ti is the need to explain and cognize observed phenomena, where to understand means to establish cause-and-effect connections (that is, hierarchical connections) and to construct a reproducible theoretical model of the phenomenon. The main evaluation criteria for Ti are structural coherence, the operability of the structure (model), the simplicity and beauty of the structure, its universality and repeatability across different phenomena. Comparing objects with one another, comparing them with criteria, finding similarities and commonalities in a disparate set of phenomena — this is Ti’s favorite and most frequent activity. Ti is characterized by an increased ability for spatial-logical operations — therefore its ability to quickly understand the meaning of such word combinations as “father’s brother” and “brother’s father” is also developed, and likewise positively correlated with Ti (and negatively with Fi) is the ability to perform quick and successful mental mathematical operations with simple fractions. Ti is characterized by increased concentration, sequentiality, and a certain “viscosity” of thoughts and reasoning, which clingingly concentrate around the mentally considered object. It is characterized by patience, meticulousness, and long-term inertia in interests. Another and, evidently, physiologically related side of subjects with strong Ti is their low perceptiveness toward other people’s feelings and experiences (both positive and negative). The capacity for emotional resonance is weakened (although not to the same degree as in Te). On the other hand, in Ti (unlike Te), the capacity for establishing emotional and social contacts is exclusively impaired, and the capacity for diplomacy and, in general, emotional manipulation is sharply weakened. Low suggestibility, distrustfulness, low sociability. Ti also has a reduced capacity for mental visualization. It is characterized by strong inhibition of any external sensory interferences (noises) and any internal impulsive urges.	Low oxytocin, reduced dopamine. Serotonin activity is apparently increased. Vasopressinergic activity tends to also be increased (especially in LSI, but partly in LII)
Te	The task of Te is to assess the effectiveness of actions that have already been performed or, more often, are only being considered and planned. Hence the main criteria of Te: effectiveness, profit, expediency, benefit, payback, potential. Hence also the special success of Te in business. Saving time, combining tasks, increased workaholism. If Ti is aimed at the optimality of theoretical knowledge, at the optimality of the theoretical static picture reflecting the world and the optimality of any constructed static structures, then Te is aimed at the optimality of current actual actions. Unlike Ti, Te does not seek an ideal theoretical solution, mentally “polishing” it for a long time, but bets on “any workable” solution to the existing problem. The main criterion here is the result and its benefit (a good ratio of effect to cost — primarily material and time costs, and to a lesser extent labor costs, since Te’s workaholism makes labor costs a lower priority). The authority of other people’s views is not very important for Ti — since Ti rechecks everything itself, without regard for time — but for Te, the authority of the sources of proposed approaches, theories, and recipes for solving problems is important: Te is adapted to activity in real time and therefore may not have the time resource for rechecking (although it also likes to recheck facts), so the authority of another person’s opinion is one of its important criteria when making decisions, which it always carries out under real-time conditions. If Ti is specialized in constructing complex static structures (located outside time), then Te is specialized in constructing complex schemes of the subject’s own actions unfolded in time. Hence the close connection of Te with the temporal planning of its activity. Ti is not the only function that develops stereotypes of its static reflections of the world; Te also develops its own stereotypes — but these are linear models unfolded in time, dynamic stereotypes, stereotypes of acceptable chains of effective actions. For Ti, cause-and-effect connections are one of the indicators of logical unidirectionality, i.e., the hierarchy of elements within structures extracted from time and from anyone’s concrete subjective experience (static schemes of reality). But for Te, cause-and-effect connections are not a matter of structure and hierarchy; for it, they are concrete links for constructing an optimal linear sequence of its own actions in time. If Ti does not avoid the complication of structures when this is necessary in the interests of truth, then Te is characterized by a striving to coarsen and simplify recipes for action, in order to make them more acceptable for practice, and therefore more optimal from the standpoint of Te criteria. If the main criterion for Ti is truth, the correspondence between model and reality, then the main criterion for Te is benefit, practical effectiveness from the standpoint of the subject’s interests. Due to its specialization in sequential chains of causality, Te understands world history, the sequence of historical events, and the change of epochs and formations better than Ti. Te (but not Ti) is negatively correlated with musical ear (most Te subjects “have had a bear step on their ear”; they are especially insensitive not only to music, but also to intonations in other people’s speech). Te has immunity to being infected by another person’s mood (to an even greater degree than Ti). In the speech of Te subjects there are exclusively few adjectives, but many action verbs. For Te, as for Se, a weakening of emotional-vegetative reactions is characteristic (in black-logic subjects, reactions of sweating and accelerated heartbeat in emotion-generating situations are weakened). Unlike the ethical functions and Ti, Te does not know how to control the loudness of the voice (for example, to emphasize important points in speech by raising the volume of the voice). For Ti, the principle is important (its main criterion is the adequacy of the created map of reality to truth), but for Te, the result is important — therefore Te lies much more often and more willingly than Ti (for Ti, the probability of conscious lying is much lower than average; for Te, conversely, it is higher, as one of its successful strategies for achieving the currently relevant goal). If Ti is positively correlated with the strength and duration of orienting reactions in a new environment (looking around, scanning one’s surroundings), then Te is, on the contrary, negatively correlated with orienting reactions (it does not spend much time studying a new environment; it immediately begins acting according to ready-made templates, and then corrects its programs in the course of the matter). Black logic, by virtue of its orientation toward the optimality of actions, is also characterized in its sphere of interests by a much more competitive spirit (and therefore a more conflictual spirit) than white logic. A Te subject is very individualistic in their activity and inclined to rely only on themselves, on their own strength. The principle of “art for art’s sake” is much more alien to Te than to any other function. If typical Ti views are characterized by professing the principle of long-range action (everything in the world is interconnected and any structure influences everything that exists in the world, regardless of remoteness), then Te professes precisely the opposite principle — local action (to understand the essence of a phenomenon, it is sufficient to study only what is located immediately nearby). Ti gravitates more toward simultaneous (concurrent, parallel) cerebral mechanisms of information processing, also used by the visual analyzer, whereas Te gravitates toward the use of successive, sequential mechanisms of information processing, “occupying” and taking them away from the auditory analyzer and the premotor cortex. Different zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere gravitate toward the mechanisms of Ti and Te (but in both cases — predominantly the left). In the case of Ti this is, in particular, the zone at the junction of the left superior temporal and parietal cortex, linked to the perception of spatial-logical relations. In the case of Te, however, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is especially important, where the cerebral center for assessing the effectiveness of actions (comparing costs and results) is located. The ACC is activated in response to a decrease in the effectiveness of actions, in turn activating the “locus coeruleus” and causing a phasic noradrenaline surge — hence workaholism as the main strategy for solving emerging problems (on the role of the ACC, see: Gehring, William J.; Goss, Brian; Coles, Michael G.H.; Meyer, David E.; Donchin, Emanuel (1993). “A Neural System for Error Detection and Compensation”. Psychological Science 4 (6): 385. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x.).	Likely increased noradrenergic activity against the background of reduced vasopressinergic activity
Fi	Evaluation of other people’s relationships (their causes, quality, direction, changes, etc.). Evaluation of other people’s attitudes towards oneself. Evaluation of other’s emotional states (without emotional resonance, with a “cold nose”). Evaluation of other’s actions from a moral standpoint. Evaluation and direction of one’s own behavior from the perspective of moral criteria (example: a sense of long-term gratitude for others’ good deeds as a moral principle. Base Fi sometimes also experiences a sense of guilt for some of its own actions). General moralistic preaching (capable of turning into hypocrisy). Heightened attention to formal behavioral ethics, including group ethics (as if to say, it’s not so much about what the person says, but they must say it politely). Tendency to ethically taboo certain behavioral norms. In its moralizing, Fi almost always relies on group morality (possibly contrasting and exaggerating it), but it does not go against the flow. Multidimensional ethical assessments of any external situation (“My ethical evaluation of any situation always depends on a multitude of its various nuances and is therefore rarely predictable in advance”). Unlike Ti, Fi does not cling to rigid universal principles in the sphere of moral evaluations. The stronger Fi is, the more flexible its system of moral taboos and the more it is tied to specific people and situations (“What is allowed to Zeus is not allowed to the bull”). The ability not to quarrel with influential and necessary people. Constant evaluation of one’s intended actions in terms of their possible consequences for one’s relationships. Almost never goes “against the current”, i.e., not a revolutionary. In this, Fi is similar to the manifestations of Si, but the reasons for their ultimate conformity are different. In the case of Si, it is the desire to maintain personal comfort and peace, whereas for Fi, it is the concern for its system of relationships. Therefore, the behavior of Si and Fi diverges if all the subject’s friends “join the revolution”. In that case, the Si subject will still prefer to sit out on the couch, and the Fi subject will follow everyone (again - so as not to spoil relationships). Program Fi avoids conflicts in relationships, more often calms those around than provokes them (however, this is characteristic only for base Fi; in the creative position, it can be used for deliberate provocations). Fi is attentive to the differences between people, never confuses people, always attentive to individualities. For strong Fi, weakened abilities in mathematics are typical, and especially—in perceiving spatial-logical relations (phrases like “father’s brother”, “brother’s father” invariably cause difficulties in quickly grasping the meaning, likewise abilities are sharply diminished for mental operations with simple fractions, which also actively use spatial-logical operators like “above”, “below”, “numerator”, “denominator”, etc.). A number of symptoms point to a weakening of the ability to mentally rotate spatial objects (i.e., Fi is associated with a deficiency in spatial imagination). In addition, Fi struggles to comprehend the meaning of complex, long sentences (both this and the previous are “anti-Ti” features). Quickly tires from “heterogeneous” information that needs to be sorted (also an “anti-Ti” feature). Fi subjects usually have neat, legible handwriting, which indirectly points to reduced noradrenergic activity (conversely, it is elevated in Te). Fi subjects typically assess their own intellectual curiosity and abilities as modest and fairly average. Intelligence, knowledge, creativity (highly valued by Ti and even Fe) are usually denied by Fi subjects as the main and important values. However, Fi finds common ground with Te subjects on this basis - for both functions, social success is equally important, albeit from different aspects. The commonality between Fi and Te (which allows them to be combined into one pole of “descending” traits and makes the corresponding socionic feature not entirely empty) is their shared orientation toward social success and therefore their willingness to frequently “bend” to society, although they do so in different ways. In contrast, the opposing “ascending” pair of functions, Ti+Fe, is more focused on “principle”, on some ideal (good or bad), and for the sake of this ideal, they are sometimes ready to oppose the majority’s position. However, these paired similarities of functions are not as vividly expressed as in the case of the opposition between central and peripheral traits, which is why the substantive content of the “ascending-descending” feature turns out to be weaker.	Likely increased vasopressinergic activity against the background of reduced noradrenergic activity.
Fe	The essence of Fe is that it is always an evaluation of external events—events that are emotionally significant to the subject—expressed directly through an emotion. The stronger and more frequent this emotional evaluation of events is, the stronger the emotions expressed, the stronger the Fe. Program Fe is more “tuned” to the emotional evaluation of events that carry negative meaning for the subject (negative events are more significant to the subject), while subordinate, creative Fe compared to programmatic, more frequently emphasizes positive emotional meanings, which are more useful for emotional manipulation (for this reason, only negative emotions distinctly correlate with the rational pole, while positive ones show a weak tendency to lean toward the irrational pole). In subjects with strong Fe, emotions are accompanied by intonation play and enhanced facial expressions. Strong emotions lead to an intensification of attraction or repulsion towards the phenomenon or object that caused them, and in the case of danger, they trigger a defensive aggression program, while also serving as a warning signal to other members of the pack. Strong emotions require an audience, as they are a tool not only for individual assessment of a situation but primarily for conveying information about this emotional assessment to other group members. It is no coincidence that strong negative emotions are contagious and are a component of group defensive aggression – for example, the screams and jumps of monkeys when one of them spots a snake. For the same reason, subjects with strong Fe are markedly open about their feelings and may even give the impression of being especially demonstrative and theatrical in their behavior. An Fe subject, even outside emotional displays, habitually tries to attract maximum attention – one means of doing so can be bright clothing, frequent outfit changes, unusual hairstyles, bright makeup, etc. An Fe subject always tries to influence other’s emotions with their own, creating “emotional contagion”. Emotions, especially negative ones, can easily become contagious (and in fact, this is one of their evolutionarily developed purposes, as they warn other group members of danger). Strong Fe subjects are characterized by verbal abundance. Strong Fe correlates with a strong sense of smell, high suggestibility, heightened sensitivity to distinguishing individual timbres and intonations in others’ speech, and increased emotional empathy (i.e., resonance with others’ feelings). Fe subjects are more suggestible to others’ opinions than most and even actively seek others’ advice. Carriers of strong Fe tend to emotionally exaggerate both their joys and, in an emotionally negative sense, their problems. Raising their voice, with quick and sharp transitions to shouting, is a common symptom of defensive behavior in strong Fe subjects. The most vivid manifestations of defensive aggression (shouting, screeching, hair standing on end, jumping in place) occur in humans (and most other primates) in cases where strong Fe combines with strong Qe, i.e., in the EIE psychotype. Fe, as a rule, reacts painfully to any criticism, even constructive and useful criticism, involuntarily responding to it with manifestations of defensive aggression.	Increased dopaminergic activity.
Qi	Very low stress tolerance. Avoidance of stress and risk. High individualism, does not tolerate group pressure. Sees all people as equal — does not divide them into “his own” and “others” (low vasopressin). Low self-confidence, shyness. Has difficulty adapting and changing plans – attention is inflexible. Easily distracted and attention scattered by noise (low acetylcholine). Clarity and perfectionism in internal moral principles. Causing no harm to others and respecting others’ boundaries are essential components. Places extreme importance on general, global social justice — a lifelong seeker of truth. Justice is a key word for Qi. Places great importance on personal freedom, human rights, and matters of his own and others’ independence. Light sleep. Afraid of pain. Touchy and vulnerable, dwells on memories of grievances. Poor time management and inefficient use of time. However, frugal and prudent with material resources, tightfisted with money. Prone to skin abscesses and dermatitis – high level of inflammatory reactions (high histamine, low cortisol?). Reduced libido.	Low vasopressin, low oxytocin, low acetylcholine, possibly reduced androgens. Increased glutamine and serotonin are likely, as well as low cortisol (reduced hormonal function of the adrenal cortex?).
Qe	Irritability, high defensive aggression (including increased symptoms such as muscular “twitchiness”, motor restlessness, enhanced pilomotor reflexes, corresponding to high NA activity), high demonstrativeness and pretentiousness in behavior, large sweeping handwriting (a typical deterioration in fine motor skills associated with high NA), tendency to migraines, internal anxious restlessness, nervousness, lack of restraint and composure, focus on extreme situations of struggle, achievements, and feats; reduced pain sensitivity; geared toward managing crisis situations, hence a tendency to escalate the emotional intensity of any situation. The Qe subject is well-suited for leadership in situations where “life is an eternal battle, and peace is only a dream”; they exhibit heightened authoritarianism, enjoy commanding and leading—especially during critical historical moments. Frequent changes in voice volume during speech. Carelessness toward mistakes and errors. Tendency to stir up problems and adopt a nonconformist stance, to “sharpen” situations, intensify pressure in response to resistance (radicalism, the unfolding struggle brings pleasure). Weakness of the visual analyzer — the auditory-speech analyzer dominates over the visual one. Fast memory. They enjoy the unity and emotionality of the crowd. Focused on leading and representing group interests in crisis situations (which they view as superior to any individual ones—except their own, which they skillfully place above the group’s).	High norepinephrine, high acetylcholine, reduced serotonin, vasopressin elevated.
Di	Conservative, petty, sluggish in thinking. Resistant to boredom and monotony. Can remain motionless for long periods. Executes tasks “without reasoning”. Fatalist. Concrete perception moves from the particular to the general and gets stuck in details. Has difficulty understanding fast speech, finds it hard to shift attention during conversation. For him, faith stands above doubt. Adheres to external rules and symmetrical order – in these, he is a perfectionist and a pedant. A perfectionist in meeting deadlines (does not arrive late) and in the monotonous consistency of his activities (without accelerations, slowdowns, or any kind of “breakthroughs”). Low level of excitability and defensive aggression (low NA, proactive aggression is always higher than defensive). The Di subject is completely devoid of demonstrative traits in behavior. A staunch supporter of group cohesion, places great importance on loyal allegiance to his group, team, superiors. Committed to hierarchical systems of organization. Inclined to underestimate the role of individuality. Does not understand or respect the boundaries of others’ personalities and does not value others’ independence (which may manifest either as excessive exploitation or excessive overprotection). Jealous. Recognizes the right to collective coercion over the individual. Weak sense of humor, poor understanding of figurative meanings. Tends to be secretive and suspicious. Not afraid of pain or bitter taste. Exhibits physiological symptoms of low prolactin and high vasopressin. Di and Qe combine into a common pole of “aristocratic” traits, characterized by the dominance of group (pack, family) values over individualistic ones. For the functions Qi+De, which are combined into the opposite “democratic” pole, the predominance of individualistic values over group ones is characteristic (importance of independence, non-interference, non-imposition of opinions, etc.). In terms of clarity of substantive content (and therefore relative “strength”), the aristocratism-democratism trait is close to another quadral trait, namely cheerfulness-seriousness, and is inferior in strength and clarity of content to the trait judicious-decisive.	Low norepinephrine, low prolactin, low glutamine, especially high vasopressin, elevated serotonin.
De	Pronounced hyperthymic temperament. Self-confidence, stress resistance, thirst for action, movements are easily initiated (excellent functioning of the premotor frontal cortex), fast pace of actions, talkativeness, quick thinking, wide distribution of attention and its rapid switching, ability to multitask, efficient use of time, future-oriented actions, excellent and fast retrieval of necessary facts from memory, no problems with concentration, bluntness, fearlessness, easily carried away and fired up by desires, high motivation strength, strong sense of humor, responsiveness to new things, strong orgasms. Rather indifferent to nature and environmental stimuli. Sensitive to processes developing over time. Forgiving and not resentful. Does not restrict others’ freedom, not malicious, but not at all concerned with global justice or truth-seeking — he simply doesn’t care about other people and eternal values. Prefers to do everything himself rather than make others do it. Shows signs of dominance of the left part of the visual analyzer. Sensitivity to physical pain is average or above average.	Hypothetically - High activities of ACh, NA, and DA. Oxytocin above average. Reduced - vasopressin, histamine, cortisol, serotonin. Glutamine - average or above average.