ALL TYPES OF EMPATHY – SUMMARY DATA

V. L. Talanov

Twenty empathy scales and clusters reflecting all of its diverse aspects were analyzed in terms of their socionic profiles.

The results show that cognitive empathy (see scales 15-18 and their tables) is, in pure form, identical to the socionic Ethics trait.

Affective empathy is much more diverse across its clusters; however, all of them include strong Ethics, Judiciousness, Positivism, and Yielding.

Fantasy empathy, considered a distinctive cluster of affective empathy, differs from its other clusters in the greater contribution of Intuition. Only on this cluster do Beta ethical types obtain very high scores; on the other clusters of affective empathy, the leaders are mainly EII, ESE, and SEI types, and on some clusters even ILE and LIE (although the peaks of the latter two do not dominate simultaneously in any cluster).

Here is the complete list of empathy scales considered below:

Scale 1. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Empathic Concern (EC) - (sympathy for others’ misfortunes, pain, and distress)

Scale 2. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Fantasy Scale (FS) - (empathic imagination, empathy with fictional characters, emotional involvement in the action when viewing or reading works of fiction)

Scale 3. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Personal Distress (PD) - (agitation in response to surrounding events, high emotional reactivity under stressful conditions)

Scale 4. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Perspective Taking (PT) - (ability to put oneself in another person’s place and view things from another person’s perspective)

Scale 5. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Sum of all four subscales

Scale 6. BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - affective empathy (contagion from others’ moods and experiences)

Scale 7. Empathy-sympathy - LARGE SCALE (V. Talanov)

Scale 8. Affective, emotional empathy with negative feelings – contagion from negative mood (V. Talanov)

Scale 9. Affective, emotional empathy with positive feelings – contagion from positive mood (V. Talanov)

Scale 10. Affective empathy with anger and emotional aggression from others (correlated with affective empathy with anxiety and other negative emotions of dissatisfaction in others, forming a single complex with them) (V. Talanov)

Scale 11. Affective empathy, cluster of caring for one’s own at the expense of fairness (association with elevated oxytocin) (V. Talanov)

Scale 12. Affective empathy, cluster of care, help, support, and protection toward people (V. Talanov)

Scale 13. Affective empathy, personal distress cluster, - a feeling of anxiety or distress at seeing physical or emotional harm to another person (V. Talanov)

Scale 14. Affective empathy - fantasy-empathy cluster (the part of empathic co-experiencing that depends on the capacity for imagination) (V. Talanov)

Scale 15. BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - cognitive empathy (effective recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

Scale 16. Cognitive empathy - expanded scale (V. Talanov) (recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

Scale 17. Cognitive empathy with positive emotions (V. Talanov)

Scale 18. Cognitive empathy with negative emotions (V. Talanov)

Scale 19. MOTOR EMPATHY (unconscious copying of other people’s motor behavior, associated with the development of the brain’s mirror-neuron network) (V. Talanov)

Scale 20. Items closely correlated with motor empathy and consequently also indicating, together with it, a high level of development of the affective-empathy cluster responsible for refraining from actions that cause others pain and unpleasant sensations. (V. Talanov)

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Scale 1. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Empathic Concern (EC) - (sympathy for others’ misfortunes, pain, and distress)

No. 1

IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Empathic Concern (EC) - (sympathy for others’ misfortunes, pain, and distress)

(averaging the profiles of 6 scale items, 12456 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 2. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Fantasy Scale (FS) - (empathic imagination, empathy with fictional characters, emotional involvement in the action when viewing or reading works of fiction)

No. 2

IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Fantasy Scale (FS) - (empathic imagination, empathy with fictional characters)

(averaging the profiles of 6 scale items, 8054 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 3. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Personal Distress (PD) - (agitation in response to surrounding events, high emotional reactivity under stressful conditions)

No. 3

IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Personal Distress (PD) - (agitation in response to surrounding events)

(averaging the profiles of 6 scale items, 10820 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 4. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Perspective Taking (PT) - (ability to put oneself in another person’s place and view things from another person’s perspective)

No. 4

IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Perspective Taking (PT) - (ability to put oneself in another person’s place and view things from another person’s perspective)

(averaging the profiles of 6 scale items, 7502 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 5. IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Sum of all four subscales

No. 5

IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Sum of all four subscales

(averaging the profiles of 24 scale items, 38832 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 6. BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - affective empathy (contagion from others’ moods and experiences)

No. 6

BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - affective empathy (contagion from others’ moods and experiences)

(averaging the profiles of 11 scale items, 52040 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 7. Empathy-sympathy - LARGE SCALE (V. Talanov)

1. I readily feel sympathy for people; I often perceive the problems even of a stranger almost as if they were my own. 0.96
2. I am inclined to help and offer sympathy to anyone near me who needs it. 0.96
3. I easily catch other people’s moods and tend to become immersed in other people’s experiences. 0.93
4. I am easily moved and made to feel pity. 0.92
5. When I see someone who urgently needs help in an emergency, I am simply torn apart by anxiety. 0.92
6. When I sense someone else’s pain and fear nearby, any logical arguments immediately recede and become unimportant. 0.91
7. I usually feel another person’s experiences as if they were my own. 0.91
8. I am often guided by a feeling of pity. 0.90
9. If I have talked with a friend who is sad about something, afterward I feel sad myself. 0.90
10. I often immerse myself in my friends’ feelings. 0.90
11. I experience other people’s pain as tormenting. 0.89
12. If I come into close contact with homeless children who are strangers to me, their fate concerns me almost as much as the fate of my own children. 0.88
13. A change in a close person’s mood immediately changes my mood as well. 0.88
14. I often try to enliven and cheer up people close to me with a warm word said at the right time. 0.87
15. I usually become frightened myself if I see that friends near me are frightened. 0.87
16. I like humanistic melodramatic films. 0.85
17. If something bad happens to someone, I immediately feel an emotional response in my soul to this difficult event, even if I do not know the person. 0.85
18. I often sacrifice my time or convenience to do another person a favor without expecting anything in return. 0.85
19. I often feel concern and care for people who have been less fortunate than I have. 0.84
20. Images depicting disasters and maimed people evoke strong feelings in me. 0.84
21. I am easily influenced by the feelings experienced by those around me. 0.83
22. I easily put myself in other people’s place, entering into their situation. 0.83
23. I am better than others at loving by giving selflessly. 0.82
24. I almost always take into account the requests and interests of people I barely know. 0.82
25. Before criticizing someone, I try to imagine how I would feel if I were in that person’s place. 0.81

26. If I see people crying, this usually does not evoke any sadness of my own. -0.97
27. I do not like empathizing with others - let them worry about themselves. -0.96
28. My friends’ misfortunes would not make me feel anything special. -0.96
29. My friends’ emotions do not affect me very strongly. -0.96
30. Other people’s feelings usually move or trouble me very little. -0.95
31. Other people’s grievances generally seem stupid to me and merely irritate me. -0.92
32. When someone seems to be seeking sympathy from me, my first reaction is to respond with a light jab, or to offer sympathy mixed with a jab. -0.91
33. Other people’s emotions move me only when the people are especially close to me. -0.90
34. There is probably more indifference and imperturbable disregard in my character than in other people’s. -0.90
35. People can hardly count on receiving any appreciable sympathy from me - I look down on them, and I do not care about them anyway. -0.90
36. Other people’s misfortunes usually do not trouble me. -0.89
37. I usually find listening to another person uninteresting. -0.88
38. Other people’s opinions are of almost no interest to me. -0.88
39. Sometimes in company I am accused of indifference and God knows what else, but I simply believe that nobody owes anybody anything. -0.87
40. Other people’s rights and feelings matter little to me. -0.87
41. I am usually not very sensitive to the moods of those around me. -0.87
42. I depend little on other people’s state and often remain calm even when everyone around me is worried. -0.86
43. I am not very perceptive of other people’s experiences. -0.85
44. I can remain unperturbed in the face of other people’s tears. -0.85
45. When I see someone being hurt, I more often remain calm. -0.85

(the 63-item scale is shown in abbreviated form; only the first 25 items of the positive part and the first 20 items of the negative part of the scale are shown)

No. 7

Empathy-sympathy - LARGE SCALE (V. Talanov)

(averaging the profiles of 63 scale items, 176006 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 8. Affective, emotional empathy with negative feelings – contagion from negative mood (V. Talanov)

1. If a close person is crying, tears come to my own eyes as well. 0.93
2. I usually become frightened myself if I see that friends near me are frightened. 0.90
3. I almost always feel the pain of a close relative as if it were my own. 0.87
4. I experience genuine suffering if my home team loses or a loved one comes back dejected after failing an exam. 0.85
5. Watching certain scenes in films is quite capable of bringing a tear to my eye. 0.84
6. Another person’s fright is easily transmitted to me. 0.84
7. I feel anxious agitation and become very upset if I see animals suffering. 0.84
8. I easily “catch” another person’s anxiety. 0.81
9. It is unpleasant for me to watch another person grimace in pain - I immediately begin to feel something similar to their suffering myself. 0.81
10. I generally treat the illness of someone I know well almost as if it were my own illness, and therefore I usually cannot refrain from giving concerned advice. 0.78
11. A nearby person with a sad, dejected face generally spoils my mood as well. 0.77
12. If I see that a close person has fallen ill or feels unwell (and I practically always see this immediately), I will almost certainly approach them offering care and treatment advice - based on what I would do regarding my own health. 0.62
13. I am afraid of the sight and sound of other people’s physical suffering. 0.61

14. When someone seems to be seeking sympathy from me, my first reaction is to respond with a light jab, or to offer sympathy mixed with a jab. -0.93
15. I do not like empathizing with others - let them worry about themselves. -0.88
16. I am not very susceptible to other people’s pain or fear, so I could quite well work as a dentist or surgeon. -0.88
17. Another person’s anger usually does not affect me or change my mood. -0.87
18. I can be merciless toward people. -0.87
19. If I see people crying, this usually does not evoke any sadness of my own. -0.85
20. I find it easy to refuse a person. -0.85
21. My friends’ misfortunes would not make me feel anything special. -0.80
22. My friends’ misfortunes do not make me feel anything special. -0.79
23. I find it interesting and amusing to watch a hypnotized person have needles stuck into their body or have someone stand on their stomach while they feel no pain. -0.74
24. Sometimes I do not feel all that sorry for other people when they have problems. -0.57

No. 8

Affective, emotional empathy with negative feelings

(averaging the profiles of 24 scale items, 49307 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 9. Affective, emotional empathy with positive feelings – contagion from positive mood (V. Talanov)

1. I find it difficult to remain unmoved when everyone is happy about something - as a rule, I automatically rejoice with them too. 0.95
2. Other people’s laughter is almost always contagious for me. 0.94
3. In close interaction I easily catch another person’s elevated mood. 0.93
4. I almost always involuntarily smile back if I am interacting with someone who is in a very good, elevated mood. 0.89
5. My mood rises when someone sends me a warm, sincere greeting through another person. 0.89
6. I always experience a strong feeling of joy and inspiration at the successes of a close relative. 0.89
7. I often laugh sincerely and contagiously at a joke I hear. 0.82
8. There have been occasions in my life when my “eyes welled up” solely because I was happy for others. 0.81
9. I like cheerful company and know how to lift my mood there and have a thoroughly good time together with others. 0.75

10. My friends’ joy is their personal joy; as a rule it does not affect me and cannot “infect” me. -0.95
11. In response to some personal success and joy of a close person, I can politely say that I am happy too, but inwardly I usually remain calm and unperturbed. -0.90
12. I find it difficult to “feel” another person’s joy. -0.90
13. I often act on another person to “cool down” their mood, make them more sober and less euphoric, less self-confident. -0.89
14. It is very difficult to surprise me with anything. -0.83
15. Attempts to help me are usually perceived by me as an unwanted intrusion into my work environment. -0.81

No. 9

Affective, emotional empathy with positive feelings

(averaging the profiles of 15 scale items, 28806 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 10. Affective empathy with anger and emotional aggression from others (correlated with affective empathy with anxiety and other negative emotions of dissatisfaction in others, forming a single complex with them)

1. If some unpleasant “setback” occurs in my affairs, I usually react with intense emotion; I need quite a lot of time to calm down and move on to calm, constructive action. 0.86
2. Divorce for me (meaning divorce after marriage) is something extremely unpleasant, painful, and frightening. 0.83
3. If the person I am talking to gets angry, I automatically begin to get angry too. 0.73

4. I depend little on other people’s state and often remain calm even when everyone around me is worried. -0.93
5. Another person’s anger usually does not affect me or change my mood. -0.93
6. Other people’s opinions are of almost no interest to me. -0.93
7. As a rule, I am completely indifferent to any attempts by others to lecture me morally; they make no difference to me. -0.91
8. I am indifferent to remarks and criticism directed at me - they rarely affect me seriously, and in any case they do not excite me and stimulate me little. -0.86
9. I am indifferent to what people say about me - what I think about myself is much more important to me. -0.86
10. I am indifferent to what those around me think about me and my behavior. -0.83
11. Other people’s grievances generally seem stupid to me and merely irritate me. -0.83

No. 10

Affective empathy with anger and emotional aggression from others (correlated with affective empathy with anxiety and other negative emotions of dissatisfaction in others, forming a single complex with them)

(averaging the profiles of 12 scale items, 35348 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 11. Affective empathy, cluster of caring for one’s own at the expense of fairness (association with elevated oxytocin)

1. If I am handing out treats to children who have come to a celebration, I will try to give my own child the best piece. 0.93
2. Disadvantaging my child’s classmates in some way in order to advance my own child is not a sin but a good deed. 0.86
3. I will readily sacrifice the interests of strangers for the interests of my family. 0.86
4. I always feel more sorry for people I know than for people I barely know; equal justice for everyone is impossible for me here. 0.82
5. For the sake of one’s own family, one may take something away from someone else’s family. 0.80
6. Family relationships are more important than any abstract justice. 0.62
7. In importance to me, relatives’ interests come immediately after my personal interests, while the interests of all sorts of truths and ideas come only third. 0.55

8. I treat all people - both acquaintances and people I barely know - equally, without any privileges, proceeding solely from the principle of equality of their rights. -0.51

No. 11

Affective empathy, cluster of caring for one’s own at the expense of fairness (association with elevated oxytocin)

(averaging the profiles of 8 scale items, 29379 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 12. Affective empathy, cluster of care, help, support, and protection toward people

1. I have always been responsive to requests. 0.95
2. I am very altruistic and almost always ready to help those who need help. 0.95
3. I like doing kind and pleasant things for people, even if it costs me some of my time. 0.94
4. I enjoy showing care toward other people. 0.92
5. I like helping people and always enjoy doing so. 0.88
6. I genuinely worry about other people. 0.88
7. Benevolence toward complete strangers and readiness to forgive offenses from those close to me have always been characteristic of me. 0.87
8. If someone turns to me, I am almost always pleased to assist them. 0.84
9. When I see that someone has been brazenly taken advantage of, I almost always feel something like a desire to protect that person. 0.79
10. If I go to a store for my own needs, I usually ask those close to me whether they need me to buy some small thing for them too. 0.68

11. In communication I am more inclined toward barbed remarks than support. -0.92
12. If someone asks for my help but it distracts me even a little from my own affairs, I will try somehow to get rid of the person asking. -0.75

No. 12

Affective empathy, cluster of care, help, support, and protection toward people

(averaging the profiles of 12 scale items, 8284 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 13. Affective empathy, personal distress cluster, - a feeling of anxiety or distress at seeing physical or emotional harm to another person

1. I sympathize with those who are worse off than I am. 0.96
2. I sympathize with homeless people. 0.95
3. If someone is subjected to cruel or humiliating treatment before my eyes, anger rises within me and my mood immediately worsens. 0.91
4. I worry about other people’s hardships. 0.86
5. I sometimes make small anonymous contributions to charitable funds or to provide specific help to someone in need. 0.78
6. If I communicate with a person experiencing misfortune, I begin to feel anxiety and dejection almost as they do. 0.78
7. I sometimes begin to feel painfully helpless if I find myself in a group of people experiencing a shared misfortune. 0.71
8. If a person of my sex and age slips and falls in front of me, I will invariably jerk instinctively to help them get up. 0.58

9. It is better to humiliate another person first so that I myself am not humiliated. -0.92
10. The anxiety and depression of some of my friends and close ones sometimes lift my own mood. -0.90
11. I like watching some hapless loser being pushed around. -0.84
12. Another person’s genuine grief usually affects me little and does not change my mood, although verbally I can portray concern. -0.79

No. 13

Affective empathy, personal distress cluster, a feeling of anxiety or distress at seeing physical or emotional harm to another person

(averaging the profiles of 12 scale items, 4809 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 14. Affective empathy - fantasy-empathy cluster (the part of empathic co-experiencing that depends on the capacity for imagination)

1. When recalling key moments of my past, each time I relive all the emotions I experienced then. 0.94
2. When recalling some episode of my life, I immediately and automatically experience exactly the emotional feeling that arose in me then. 0.92
3. My life is always emotionally colored and filled with dreams, expectations, and fears; every person and every event has its own special flavor and significance for me. 0.91
4. I easily evoke vivid emotional memories in myself. 0.90
5. I am lyrical and romantic; sentimental sensitivity and vulnerability are characteristic of my personality. 0.90
6. When rewatching a film, I almost always experience again, in full, the same emotions I had during the very first viewing. 0.89
7. My thoughts about the near future may be pleasant or unpleasant, but they are always filled with an automatically felt emotional flavor, significance, and meaning. 0.88
8. The plots of films often captivate me with anticipatory concern for the characters. 0.88
9. In my emotional experiences I often anticipate future feelings and often return to feelings already experienced. 0.88
10. Some emotional memories are with me almost constantly. 0.88
11. I often become sad when I watch sad things on television or in films. 0.87
12. I am easily moved and made to feel pity. 0.87
13. I myself become frightened, even to the point of startled flinching, when I follow what is happening to characters in a well-made horror film. 0.86
14. I am very sensitive to certain things, events, and phenomena. 0.85
15. I am often charmed and delighted by something. 0.83
16. After watching a play or film, I feel as though I had been one of its characters. 0.83
17. When I watch a good film, I can easily put myself in the place of the leading character and find myself sharing the tension of the unfolding events with them, almost as if on the other side of the screen. 0.78
18. When I watch a good film, I can very easily put myself in the place of the leading character. 0.75
19. Good films captivate me; throughout the film I empathize with the action across a broad range - from smiling and joy to a sense of grief and sometimes even tears. 0.75
20. When I read an interesting novella or novel, I imagine how I would feel if the events in the story were happening to me. 0.71
21. While reading a book, I begin to look at the events occurring and expected in it through the eyes of its protagonist. 0.50

22. I almost never sympathize with film characters - after all, it is all make-believe. -0.96
23. I almost never empathize with the problems of film characters - after all, it is all make-believe. -0.93
24. All sorts of sensitivity and sentimentality are almost always whims unworthy of a serious person. -0.91
25. When I watch a film or play, I usually retain the objectivity of an outside observer and rarely become completely involved in what is happening. -0.88
26. Other people’s emotions move me only when the people are especially close to me. -0.88
27. I am absolutely indifferent to all kinds of music videos. -0.86
28. It is true that I do not like art and am indifferent to it. -0.85
29. I can easily and without difficulty walk alone at night through a dark forest or cemetery without concern. -0.84
30. It rarely happens that I become extremely and completely involved in the plot and action of even a good book or film - I always feel some detachment and know every second that it is all make-believe. -0.83

No. 14

Affective empathy - fantasy-empathy cluster (the part of empathic co-experiencing that depends on the capacity for imagination)

(averaging the profiles of 30 scale items, 74929 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 15. BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - cognitive empathy (effective recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

No. 15

BES (Basic Empathy Scale) - cognitive empathy (effective recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

(averaging the profiles of 9 scale items, 55202 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 16. Cognitive empathy - expanded scale (V. Talanov) (recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

1. I often understand how and what a person feels even before they tell me about it. 0.99
2. I am good at understanding the experiences and moods of people around me. 0.99
3. I have a good sense of relationships between people and am perceptive about intrigues and schemes of ill-wishers. 0.99
4. I always notice if someone’s mood nearby has “drooped,” and I can usually easily understand what caused it and how it will develop further. 0.99
5. I have a very good sense of how people really feel about me - it is difficult to deceive me about this. 0.98
6. I usually understand quickly, even before any words are spoken, that a male or female acquaintance of mine is angry. 0.98
7. I always sense brief downturns and upswings in another person’s mood from nuances in the voices of the people I am talking to. 0.98
8. I easily detect weak signals of liking. 0.98
9. I always quickly sense changes in the mood of the person I am talking to. 0.98
10. I have a good sense of other people’s intonations, gestures, and looks. 0.98
11. I notice even subtle shades in people’s behavior. 0.98
12. Listening to the person I am talking to, I “automatically” register and remember their emotional state and the general meaning of what they want, including the emotional message of their speech. 0.98
13. It is true that no change in the relationships among my acquaintances escapes my attention. 0.98
14. I always know who in a group likes me and who does not. 0.98
15. I easily detect anxiety or distress in another person’s voice. 0.97
16. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more negative and “cold,” minor-key, or dissatisfied mood in my partner or the person I am talking to. 0.97
17. I usually see immediately that my friends are afraid of something. 0.97
18. From another person’s face I instantly see that something is disgusting or unpleasant to them. 0.97
19. I can easily and unmistakably discern a state of happiness in my friend. 0.97
20. I often notice emotional nuances that other people do not sense. 0.97
21. I quite often notice expressions of anxiety or fear on other people’s faces. 0.97
22. I often notice changes in the relationships among my acquaintances. 0.97
23. From another person’s behavior, facial expressions, and voice, I quickly recognize their mood. 0.96
24. I easily detect whether praise or flattery has affected a person and whether it has improved their mood. 0.96
25. I can exert ethical influence on people calmly, flexibly, and without pressure. 0.96
26. I understand people better than any of my acquaintances do. 0.96
27. I often pay attention to changes in relationships among people I know. 0.96
28. I usually understand a person’s feelings better than their conversations. 0.96
29. From another person’s eyes and face, I easily read their intentions. 0.96
30. I quickly notice anxiety in another person’s voice. 0.95
31. From the voice of the person I am talking to, I quickly notice when they begin to get nervous. 0.95
32. I quickly notice signs of dissatisfaction in a person’s behavior. 0.95
33. I always have a good sense of the moment when a person ceases to be my enemy. 0.95
34. I always quickly sense when a person has become tired of talking with me and is trying to leave. 0.95
35. I always notice and remember who knows whom and what the closeness of their relationship is based on. 0.95
36. I am more attentive to the tone and intonation of speech than to its content. 0.95
37. I have a good sense even of weak negative “emotional vibrations” from another person. 0.94
38. I usually see and understand what a person feels even before they say anything about it. 0.94
39. I usually see when a person is in a cheerful mood. 0.94
40. I always automatically pay attention to any changes in the relationships among my acquaintances. 0.94
41. I am a very emotionally sensitive and benevolent person and have a subtle sense of nuances in relationships. 0.94
42. I usually anticipate other people’s angry outbursts in advance. 0.94
43. I read people like an open book. 0.94
44. I understand people so well that sometimes it seems to me that I can easily read their thoughts. 0.94
45. I notice and distinguish even the slightest “intonational nuances” in other people’s speech well. 0.93
46. I easily “read” and remember people’s facial expressions well. 0.93
47. From another person’s face, I can easily read their degree of self-confidence, their mood, and sometimes even their intentions. 0.93
48. When interacting with people, I sense them well and easily anticipate their next words and actions - on a subconscious level I know those around me “like the back of my hand.” 0.93
49. Behind any episode and any phrase spoken by the person I am talking to, I instantly sense and understand everything that lies behind it. 0.93
50. I am sensitive to other people’s state and know how to smooth over sharp corners in communication. 0.93
51. I easily notice expressions of fear or dissatisfaction on people’s faces. 0.93
52. In company, I often look closely at people in order to determine their mood. 0.92
53. I usually understand immediately that my friend is beginning to get angry. 0.92
54. In books, I am interested not so much in the plot as in the relationships between people. 0.92
55. I am always aware of what my acquaintances and coworkers want and fear and of the relationships they have with one another. 0.92
56. From small emotional nuances, I always instantly sense who is the leader in a new group. 0.92
57. It is easy for me to sense people’s relationships with one another; I quickly distinguish genuine feelings from deliberately displayed ones. 0.92
58. I often think about the course of intrigues in a group or among my acquaintances. 0.92
59. I always know who in a group is my friend and who is not. 0.91
60. From another person’s voice, I can easily read their degree of self-confidence, their mood, and sometimes even their intentions. 0.91
61. I easily sense hostile signals coming from other people. 0.91
62. At some automatic level, I always sense what can be expected at any time from one person or another. 0.91
63. I perceptively see a bad or self-interested attitude toward me even when it is concealed. 0.90
64. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more positive and “warm” mood in my partner or the person I am talking to. 0.90
65. I can easily determine whether another person’s smile is sincere or deliberately “made.” 0.90
66. I know how to choose the best moment to approach a person with a request. 0.90
67. I always notice small changes in the speaking speed of the person I am talking to, the placement of pauses and accelerations by which the speaker emotionally emphasizes particular words. 0.90
68. I easily notice someone’s bad or self-interested attitude toward me even when the person conceals it. 0.90
69. If an acquaintance of mine is upset or disappointed about something, I see it immediately. 0.90
70. It is true that I never make mistakes in using my feelings and outward expressions of emotion - for me they are a very precise instrument for exerting timely influence on the mass of people around me. 0.89
71. I think almost constantly and extensively about the people with whom I interact; I have an opinion about each of them. 0.89
72. I easily and quickly notice hostility directed toward me in a person’s behavior. 0.89
73. I have a good sense of the required distances between people; I know how to draw the people I need closer to me and distance bad and useless acquaintances from myself. 0.89
74. I immediately see whether my friend is sad or not, although I myself remain in my own mood. 0.89
75. If a person close to me is in a good mood, I see it instantly. 0.88
76. I always pay attention to who knows whom and what the closeness of their relationship is based on. 0.88
77. I know how to “envelop people in words” and penetrate into the very soul of the people I need. 0.88
78. I know how to avoid trouble because I perceptively see right through people. 0.88
79. I understand feelings and relationships, and rules of conduct, better than the logic of business. 0.87
80. I understand people’s abilities and intentions extremely well. 0.87
81. I am observant and have a good memory regarding other people’s connections, relationships, and actions. 0.86
82. Given my character, the professions of social worker, psychologist, educator, or veterinarian would suit me very well. 0.86
83. I have a good sense and understanding of the particular interests and motives that guide various acquaintances and friends of mine. 0.86
84. At the same time, the following can be said about me: I can charm almost anyone and win them over - it is another matter that I rarely need to do so. 0.86
85. I usually see quickly and immediately when a person is being sly. 0.86
86. My attention is always attracted by some unusual or strange relationships between people, even if I barely know them and their affairs do not concern me. 0.86
87. I always know who in a group is my enemy and who is not. 0.86
88. I think I have a talent for noticing particulars in the behavior of different people, understanding their motives, and building my own career on this knowledge and on intrigue. 0.85
89. I am a master at detecting another person’s “emotional vibrations.” 0.85
90. I usually sense in advance what the person I am talking to wants to say - already from their facial expression and general attitude - and in advance give them my contemptuous “feh.” 0.85
91. I like taking part in conversations about who loves or does not love whom, how they love, and why. 0.84
92. To influence the people I am talking to, I know how to flexibly “play” with the expression of my dissatisfaction, intensifying it or removing it instantly. 0.84
93. I usually feel another person’s experiences as if they were my own. 0.82
94. I know how to flexibly manipulate relationships with other people, decreasing or increasing the distance according to the situation and also according to the “usefulness” of a business partner and their status in society. 0.78
95. I quickly see and understand what can be used to interest a particular person I am talking to. 0.72

96. I usually find it difficult to discern that my friends are frightened by something. -0.99
97. I am worse than others at recognizing people’s moods from their faces. -0.99
98. I have always had difficulties in getting to know and understanding other people. -0.99
99. I have problems quickly determining and understanding whether my friends are happy and whether they are in a good mood. -0.98
100. I am emotionally “half-blind” and usually distinguish only very vivid and strong experiences in other people. -0.98
101. I do not always understand exactly when people become upset and offended - when they are sobbing their eyes out, that is understandable. -0.98
102. I am usually unaware of the feelings of my close acquaintances. -0.98
103. I am poor at understanding other people’s attitudes toward me; in these matters I generally tend to seek advice. -0.97
104. I do not always understand what the person I am talking to has taken offense at during a conversation. -0.97
105. I often do not understand the mood and intonations of the person I am talking to. -0.96
106. I am usually poorly informed about my friends’ feelings. -0.96
107. I usually have doubts and am unsure about how much the communication situation is under my control, how well I understand those around me, and whether I am influencing them correctly. -0.96
108. I usually find it difficult to understand the mood in a group of people and sense their attitude toward me if it is not stated explicitly aloud. -0.96
109. I usually find it difficult to understand why one acquaintance of mine dislikes another acquaintance of mine. -0.96
110. I find it difficult to read another person’s mood from their eyes and facial expressions. -0.96
111. It is true that I am worse than others at comforting people with words. -0.96
112. I pay little attention to intonations in the speech of the person I am talking to, but I grasp the semantic content of phrases instantly. -0.95
113. I have “coarse-grained” emotions - when I have to delve into emotional nuances and details, my attention quickly dissipates. -0.95
114. If the mood of the person I am talking to changes during communication, I usually find it difficult to understand where it came from. -0.95
115. Sometimes I read a person’s facial expression incorrectly. -0.94
116. I admit that I am poor at understanding people’s feelings, so I am cautious in communication and try to keep my distance from people. -0.93
117. I usually find it difficult to determine whether another person is genuinely frightened or is only “portraying” fright. -0.93
118. Regarding the intrigues around me, I am usually blind, deaf, insensitive, and naive. -0.93
119. I find it difficult to guess whether my friends are happy. -0.93
120. Other people’s thoughts are usually mysterious and difficult for me to understand. -0.93
121. I can hardly read expressions of fear on people’s faces at all - I do not have that capacity for recognition. -0.91
122. I usually find it difficult to determine whether a person is genuinely upset or is deliberately making themselves cry. -0.89
123. I have a poor sense of the “subtext” in other people’s speech, so I prefer people to express themselves directly. -0.89
124. I am usually not very sensitive to the moods of those around me. -0.89
125. I am a completely unshy person, but at the same time I am helpless in building my relationships with people - here I am easy to hook. -0.88
126. I rarely notice in advance that another person’s mood is elevated, and therefore I more often learn about the successes of people close to me only from what they say. -0.87
127. As a rule, I have difficulty when I need to describe other people’s feelings and emotional experiences in words. -0.85
128. I am poor at detecting intonations in other people’s speech. -0.84
129. I am not very perceptive of other people’s experiences. -0.83
130. When people near me experience fear or horror for some reason (as they later tell me), at those very moments I often remain blissfully unaware, because I myself feel nothing and also notice nothing in their facial expressions and suspect nothing. -0.83
131. My thinking is structured in such a way that it often seems to “isolate” me from understanding the meaning of other people’s actions. -0.79

No. 16

Cognitive empathy - expanded scale (V. Talanov) (recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestations and causes, interest in observing them)

(averaging the profiles of 131 scale items, 623505 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 17. Cognitive empathy with positive emotions (V. Talanov)

1. I easily detect whether praise or flattery has affected a person and whether it has improved their mood. 0.98
2. I can easily and unmistakably discern a state of happiness in my friend. 0.97
3. I easily detect weak signals of liking. 0.97
4. I always know who in a group likes me and who does not. 0.97
5. I always have a good sense of the moment when a person ceases to be my enemy. 0.96
6. I usually see when a person is in a cheerful mood. 0.94
7. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more positive and “warm” mood in my partner or the person I am talking to. 0.94
8. From small emotional nuances, I always instantly sense who is the leader in a new group. 0.93
9. If a person close to me is in a good mood, I see it instantly. 0.91
10. I know how to choose the best moment to approach a person with a request. 0.90
11. I can easily determine whether another person’s smile is sincere or deliberately “made.” 0.89
12. I like taking part in conversations about who loves or does not love whom, how they love, and why. 0.87
13. I quickly see and understand what can be used to interest a particular person I am talking to. 0.75

14. I have problems quickly determining and understanding whether my friends are happy and whether they are in a good mood. -0.98
15. I find it difficult to guess whether my friends are happy. -0.96
16. I rarely notice in advance that another person’s mood is elevated, and therefore I more often learn about the successes of people close to me only from what they say. -0.90

No. 17

Cognitive empathy with positive emotions (V. Talanov)

(averaging the profiles of 16 scale items, 72679 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 18. Cognitive empathy with negative emotions (V. Talanov)

1. I usually understand quickly, even before any words are spoken, that a male or female acquaintance of mine is angry. 0.98
2. I always notice if someone’s mood nearby has “drooped,” and I can usually easily understand what caused it and how it will develop further. 0.98
3. I easily detect anxiety or distress in another person’s voice. 0.97
4. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more negative and “cold,” minor-key, or dissatisfied mood in my partner or the person I am talking to. 0.97
5. I quickly notice signs of dissatisfaction in a person’s behavior. 0.97
6. From another person’s face I instantly see that something is disgusting or unpleasant to them. 0.97
7. I usually see immediately that my friends are afraid of something. 0.97
8. I quickly notice anxiety in another person’s voice. 0.97
9. I quite often notice expressions of anxiety or fear on other people’s faces. 0.97
10. I always quickly sense when a person has become tired of talking with me and is trying to leave. 0.96
11. From the voice of the person I am talking to, I quickly notice when they begin to get nervous. 0.95
12. I usually anticipate other people’s angry outbursts in advance. 0.94
13. I usually understand immediately that my friend is beginning to get angry. 0.94
14. I perceptively see a bad or self-interested attitude toward me even when it is concealed. 0.93
15. I easily sense hostile signals coming from other people. 0.93
16. I easily notice someone’s bad or self-interested attitude toward me even when the person conceals it. 0.93
17. I often think about the course of intrigues in a group or among my acquaintances. 0.93
18. I have a good sense even of weak negative “emotional vibrations” from another person. 0.92
19. I easily and quickly notice hostility directed toward me in a person’s behavior. 0.92
20. I easily notice expressions of fear or dissatisfaction on people’s faces. 0.92
21. I immediately see whether my friend is sad or not, although I myself remain in my own mood. 0.91
22. I usually see quickly and immediately when a person is being sly. 0.89
23. I always know who in a group is my enemy and who is not. 0.88
24. If an acquaintance of mine is upset or disappointed about something, I see it immediately. 0.88

25. I usually find it difficult to discern that my friends are frightened by something. -0.99
26. I do not always understand exactly when people become upset and offended - when they are sobbing their eyes out, that is understandable. -0.98
27. I do not always understand what the person I am talking to has taken offense at during a conversation. -0.97
28. I usually find it difficult to understand why one acquaintance of mine dislikes another acquaintance of mine. -0.97
29. I usually find it difficult to determine whether another person is genuinely frightened or is only “portraying” fright. -0.93
30. I usually find it difficult to determine whether a person is genuinely upset or is deliberately making themselves cry. -0.90
31. I can hardly read expressions of fear on people’s faces at all - I do not have that capacity for recognition. -0.89
32. When people near me experience fear or horror for some reason (as they later tell me), at those very moments I often remain blissfully unaware, because I myself feel nothing and also notice nothing in their facial expressions and suspect nothing. -0.80

No. 18

Cognitive empathy with negative emotions (V. Talanov)

(averaging the profiles of 32 scale items, 163072 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 19. MOTOR EMPATHY (unconscious copying of other people’s motor behavior, associated with the development of the brain’s mirror-neuron network)

1. If a person near me scratches themselves, sometimes the same place on my body immediately begins to itch. 0.96
2. When I see someone scratching themselves, I too often automatically feel the urge to scratch. 0.92
3. Sometimes, when someone near me shivers from the cold, I myself automatically and involuntarily begin to feel cold. 0.84
4. When someone in my field of vision makes a sudden movement outdoors, I jerk as well. 0.80
5. If someone within my sight stretches their hands toward a fire, sometimes I begin to feel something like heat in my own fingers and palms. 0.77
6. Sometimes I see another person being touched on the shoulder, and it is as though I myself very clearly feel a touch in the same place on my body. 0.75
7. If someone near me is eating a lemon, I automatically feel saliva being produced and something like the taste of lemon in my own mouth. 0.70
8. Sometimes I catch myself noticing that when someone near me sharply pulls a lever by hand (in a car, for example), or picks up some object with their hand, my own hand involuntarily clenches as well. 0.69
9. When a person near me puts a hand on another person’s shoulder, I sometimes have a distinct sensation as though someone had put a hand on my shoulder. 0.64
10. I often notice that if someone near me begins drinking eagerly and with obvious enjoyment, I myself immediately begin to feel thirsty after them. 0.61
11. I have noticed that I easily catch other people’s contagious “yawns” - when someone near me begins to yawn, as soon as I see it I too immediately and uncontrollably yawn automatically. 0.60
12. If someone ahead of me stumbles, I sometimes somehow automatically stumble after them. 0.55
13. Sometimes someone near me sneezes, and immediately afterward I too automatically feel an urge to sneeze. 0.50

No. 19

MOTOR EMPATHY (unconscious copying of other people’s motor behavior, associated with the development of the brain’s mirror-neuron network)

(averaging the profiles of 13 scale items, 20790 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

Scale 20. Items closely correlated with motor empathy and consequently also indicating, together with it, a high level of development of the affective-empathy cluster responsible for refraining from actions that cause others pain and unpleasant sensations. (V. Talanov)

1. I experience other people’s pain as tormenting. 0.86
2. It is unpleasant for me to watch another person grimace in pain - I immediately begin to feel something similar to their suffering myself. 0.83
3. I feel anxious agitation and become very upset if I see animals suffering. 0.83
4. I believe that cruel spectacles such as dog fights should be prohibited. 0.78

5. I like it when people are afraid of me. -0.95
6. I believe that everything unfit for life and everything weak should be eradicated. -0.94
7. Sometimes another person’s fear gives me satisfaction. -0.94
8. I relax when I watch films with fights. -0.93
9. When I manage to obtain something from another person through forceful pressure, it is usually pleasant. -0.93
10. I know how to pursue my goal while completely trampling on other people’s interests. -0.93
11. Sometimes I like seeing another person’s fear. -0.92
12. I often find it more pleasant to do harm to an enemy than to do good to a friend. -0.92
13. I like looking at people “from above.” -0.92
14. A victorious war is better than a bad peace. -0.91
15. If I had the necessary power, I would crush everyone who disagreed with me. -0.91
16. Before allowing a person to begin work, they should be tested for quality and strength under specially created experimental conditions (without informing them about it). -0.90
17. There are many people whom I look at “from above.” -0.91
18. I like acting through aggression, force, and threats. -0.91
19. I would like to be a manager or overseer on a 19th-century coffee plantation. -0.90
20. I enjoy tormenting some of the people around me. -0.90
21. The sweetest thing in life is power over others. -0.90
22. I like watching television programs containing crime reports. -0.89
23. Admitting my mistakes aloud means lowering myself and showing weakness. -0.87
24. I like animated series about Tom and Jerry (who chase each other) more than animated series about Chip and Dale (who are always “going to someone’s rescue”). -0.87
25. The art of life consists in behaving unceremoniously precisely toward those people who will not want to or will not be able to answer you back. -0.86
26. I am not very susceptible to other people’s pain or fear, so I could quite well work as a dentist or surgeon. -0.82
27. People who try to cast doubt on my high logical abilities usually arouse hatred, strong irritation, or at least a desire to put them in their place immediately and punish them severely as an example. -0.80
28. I know that for the sake of principles I can easily overcome both fear and compassion. -0.80
29. It is true that I do not need anyone’s sympathy. -0.79

No. 20

Items closely correlated with motor empathy and consequently also indicating, together with it, a high level of development of the affective-empathy cluster responsible for refraining from actions that cause others pain and unpleasant sensations

(averaging the profiles of 29 scale items, 49446 respondent answers in total; all profiles except the 2nd and 3rd type profiles are normalized to a unit sigma of the type profile). All profiles are given after corrective factor rotation.

Unnormalized type profile (deviations from the mean in units of the population standard deviation):

Approximate percentage of representatives of each type group who give raw responses “YES” and “RATHER YES” for the property (averaged across all scale items, taking item polarity into account, after corrective factor rotation, diagnosis by traits):

Contribution of traits to the variance of the property, in percent:

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Feb. 2021