LEFT-RIGHT DOMINANCE OF THE NEOCORTICAL HEMISPHERES, INARTICULATENESS AS A MARKER OF ITS SOCIONIC PROFILES, COMPARISON WITH MOTOR TESTS OF HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE, AND, AS A CONSEQUENCE, PROPERTIES OF THE PSYCHE PREDOMINANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE LEFT AND RIGHT NEOCORTEX

(Experimental Study)
V. L. Talanov

PART 1 – OBTAINING SOCIONIC PROFILES OF LEFT-HEMISPHERE AND RIGHT-HEMISPHERE CORTICAL DOMINANCE

As a marker of dominance of the RIGHT-HEMISPHERE neocortex, we used symptoms of deficient left-hemisphere neocortical functions in the form of aphasias and agraphias of various types and origins, including:

1. orthographic agraphia, affecting the parietal lobe, superior parietal lobule, and superior angular gyrus of the cortex of the left hemisphere,
2. temporal Wernicke aphasia, affecting Wernicke’s temporal auditory-speech area of the posterior cortex of the left hemisphere,
3. articulatory aphasia, affecting Broca’s area of the frontal cortex and Rolandic operculum area in the left hemisphere,
4. conduction aphasia, as a result of which communication between Broca’s and Wernicke’s centers is disrupted.

These aphasias encompass cortical zones of the left hemisphere practically throughout its entire extent, from the posterior to the anterior cortical regions. Therefore, the averaged socionic profile of all aphasias should, evidently, characterize an integral weakening of the neocortex of the left hemisphere.

In addition, during analysis of the question profiles it was found that the profiles of different types of aphasia are closely correlated with one another, which evidently more often points not to local defects of left-hemisphere cortical functions as their cause, but to a diffuse weakening of its activity in some subjects relative to the activity of the cortex of the right hemisphere. Therefore, averaging the profiles of different types of aphasias and agraphias to obtain the final profile of deficient left-hemisphere activity is all the more justified.

GENERAL LIST OF QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS FOR DIAGNOSING REDUCED FUNCTIONS OF THE CORTEX OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE DUE TO VARIOUS TYPES OF APHASIAS AND AGRAPHIAS

(after the questions, the linear correlation of their type profile with the averaged type profile of all 50 questions is indicated)

YES:

1. I sometimes make mistakes and get confused when pronouncing phonetically “difficult” words containing many consonants. 0,95
2. I often stumble when pronouncing words, when trying to pronounce them correctly. 0,91
3. I find it difficult to repeat other people’s complicated surnames aloud - I often stumble over the pronunciation of sound combinations. 0,91
4. When speaking aloud and when writing, I find it difficult to maintain the correct word order in a sentence, and as a result the phrase often comes out confused and awkward. 0,90
5. Sometimes I look at an object and cannot immediately remember the word by which that object is called. 0,88
6. I sometimes make mistakes in carrying out instructions because I misunderstand by ear what exactly I was instructed to do and what was expected of me. 0,87
7. If I speak quickly, my speech is fluent but confused, sometimes with meaningless insertions, because I find it difficult to monitor my speech. 0,86
8. When I express myself aloud, my sentences come out somewhat awkward; it is not easy for me to translate an intention into an external, fully developed utterance. 0,85
9. Sometimes, when pronouncing words, I confuse similar sounds - for example, I may say “desto” instead of “testo”, “slot” instead of “slon”, “kabel” instead of “tabel”, “Poris” instead of “Boris”, and so on. 0,84
10. I have difficulty formulating an utterance, translating my already formed thoughts into extended speech. 0,84
11. When writing on a sheet of paper, I often confuse the order of letters within words or omit individual letters in words. 0,83
12. My speech contains many filler words (well, this, you know, like, and so on). 0,83
13. I often simply cannot recall the word I need. 0,83
14. When I am agitated, it is as if my “tongue sticks” - I lose the ability to express my thoughts effectively aloud. 0,82
15. One person, intending to say “Nelson Rockefeller”, once pronounced: “Nelson Nokenfellen, that is, Relso Rikenfeller, that is, Felso Nokerfelson.” I often have similar disturbances when I try to pronounce some complicated word. 0,81
16. I find it difficult to evaluate by ear the quality of both my own and other people’s speech, but acquaintances say that my speech is usually not very intelligible. 0,81
17. The overall meaning of a joke I have heard does not always reach me instantly. 0,80
18. My speech often contains carelessly used words - sometimes, without my noticing it, the word I need is replaced by something vague and only very remotely appropriate in its precise meaning. 0,80
19. Sometimes, when in a hurry, I may say “khadat” instead of “khalat”, “snol” or “slod” instead of “slon” - that is, the sounds sometimes somehow get mixed up on my tongue by themselves. 0,80
20. I often struggle to find the “right” word - it seems to be somewhere in my mind, but I cannot recall its name. 0,79
21. When writing, I often carelessly omit the necessary punctuation marks after words. 0,79
22. The strict order of words is often disrupted in my speech. 0,78
23. Sometimes I hear some very familiar word and - a blank in consciousness - for several seconds I cannot figure out what it means. 0,77
24. I have noticed that in noisy conditions (for example, in the metro, at a disco, and so on) I cannot make out some of the words that the other person says to me. 0,75
25. At least when I speak fluently, my speech contains many accidental, filler, meaningless, or incorrectly chosen words. 0,74
26. My speech is somewhat hesitant; I find it difficult to select and pronounce words. 0,73
27. When I write, there are often large spaces between letters within a word. 0,72
28. Sometimes, instead of one word said by the other person, I hear a completely different one. 0,71
29. When speaking aloud, I often make “uh-uh-uh…” and “mm-mm-mm…” sounds while trying to find the right word somewhere “in the air.” 0,71
30. When I write, I sometimes omit some words in phrases without noticing it at first. 0,70
31. When I write or type on a computer quickly and in a hurry, I usually make a considerable number of spelling and grammatical errors. 0,70
32. My speech is abundant and fairly rapid, but, according to acquaintances, it is not very intelligible - I myself generally find it rather difficult to assess the quality of speech, both my own and that of others. 0,69
33. In noisy conditions (for example, in the metro or another noisy place), the intelligibility of what I hear decreases noticeably - sometimes it is difficult to make out what the person next to me is saying. 0,69
34. I experience some difficulty controlling my speech; for example, I sometimes “swallow” individual sounds in pronounced words, so that “okoshko” may sound like “koshka”, and so on. 0,68
35. I find it difficult to grasp instantly how “the father of the brother” differs from “the brother of the father.” 0,68
36. Sometimes I look at an object and cannot remember its name. 0,67
37. When agitated, I sometimes feel that it becomes difficult to pronounce words. 0,67
38. When writing by hand, I sometimes omit letters in words without noticing it at first. 0,66
39. I often have “slurred speech”, when it is difficult to pronounce every single sound distinctly (as if my larynx and tongue obey me poorly). 0,65
40. When writing on paper, I often carelessly make errors in the correct spelling of word endings. 0,63
41. When I write, I often carelessly omit letters or even entire syllables in words. 0,63
42. When writing on paper, I sometimes mechanically write the wrong letter instead of the required one in words. 0,62
43. When agitated, I usually stop understanding what I hear and have to strain myself. 0,61
44. I do not pronounce all letters well - at least, that was the case in childhood. 0,61
45. I have a certain natural inarticulateness - it is difficult to construct phrases quickly and smoothly (both orally and on paper). 0,58
46. I learn and retain verbal material with difficulty - poems, surnames, names, telephone numbers, and so on. 0,57
47. When speaking in public, I often confuse word endings. 0,52
48. I constantly and consistently substitute some sounds for others in speech - for example, I always say “zhachem” instead of “zachem”, “fino” instead of “vino”, and constantly replace the difficult-to-pronounce “zdanie” with the easier-to-pronounce “dom”, and so on (the substitutions may be different; what matters is their presence and constancy). 0,48
49. My speech is usually monotonous and sluggish, with pauses. 0,47

NO:

50. A characteristic feature of my speech is that each subsequent word is predetermined by and “hooks onto” the previous one, inexorably following from it. -0,60
51. I can easily and rapidly pronounce aloud, without a single error, the words: “propeller”, “prostranstvo”, “trotuar”. -0,63
52. Try to perform the following tasks (perform each task as you read it): first move your tongue back and forth along the inner surface of the lower teeth; then along the inner surface of the upper teeth; then lick the outer surface of the upper teeth with your tongue; then the outer surface of the lower teeth; then lick the right corner of your mouth from the outside with the tip of your tongue; then the left corner of your mouth; then lick your upper lip from left to right; then puff out only your right cheek; then only your left cheek; then click your tongue; then whistle through your lips; then imitate sucking liquid through a straw and blowing out a match. If every single task was absolutely easy, without mistakes or difficulty, give yourself a “5”; if you managed to do everything but there was some isolated difficulty, give yourself a “4”. If there were difficulties or errors in two or three tasks, give yourself a “3”; if in four or five tasks, give yourself a “2”. If difficulties or errors occurred in six tasks or more, give yourself a “1”. -0,66
53. Slips in letters, as well as grammatical and spelling errors, are practically never present in my writing. -0,68
54. My phrases are always perfectly smooth, without any hesitations in their oral construction and without any need subsequently to correct the word order in writing. -0,71
55. When reading phrases such as “the cousin’s mother”, “the father’s brother”, “the brother’s father”, “the father’s mother”, I need no more than one second to understand clearly who is meant. -0,71
56. I have a very good sense of correctly constructed and smoothly flowing speech, a “feel for language.” -0,72
57. I easily notice another person’s individual manner of speaking and instantly notice every error in another person’s speech. -0,73
58. I can rapidly and absolutely cleanly on the first attempt (without getting the sounds mixed up on my tongue) pronounce aloud the phrase: “The ombudsman reported that systematic propaganda by Corsican collaborationists ambivalently contributed to the growth of resistance” (check this). -0,76
59. I can easily pronounce aloud, without errors on the first attempt, the words “industrialization” and “diversification” (check this). -0,77
60. I instantly retrieve the necessary words and examples from memory. -0,78
61. I have good diction; I pronounce any words clearly and without difficulty. -0,80
62. I have good, clear diction with high-quality pronunciation of all letters and sounds. -0,84
63. My speech is smooth, without a need for pauses to select words, and when formulating thoughts aloud I never make “uh” and “mm” sounds between words. -0,89

63 questions on inarticulateness (all aphasias, grammatical agraphia, and difficulty retrieving words from memory)

(averaging the profiles of 63 scale questions, a total of 97402 respondent answers; all profiles are normalized to one sigma of the type profile)

Contribution of the traits to the variance of the property, %:

Question lists for individual types of aphasia and agraphia are as follows:

ANTERIOR APHASIA, BROCA’S APHASIA, ORAL APRAXIA

This affects the anterior frontal regions of the left neocortex (Broca’s area), or is caused by impairment of the functions of the left inferior parietal cortex. Closely associated with it is ARTICULATORY APHASIA, which affects the Rolandic operculum area in the left hemisphere, specifically the opercular part of the third frontal and central (Rolandic) gyri, the adjacent parts of the first temporal gyrus, and the anterior part of the insula. Anterior aphasia is characterized by phonetic difficulties in pronunciation, substitution of sounds, difficulty selecting synonyms, paucity of verbs, difficulty and lack of fluency in speech, its telegraphic style, and difficulty performing exercises with the tongue inside the mouth:

1. I sometimes make mistakes and get confused when pronouncing phonetically “difficult” words containing many consonants. 0,93
2. I often stumble when pronouncing words, when trying to pronounce them correctly. 0,91
3. Sometimes, when pronouncing words, I confuse similar sounds - for example, I may say “desto” instead of “testo”, “slot” instead of “slon”, “kabel” instead of “tabel”, “Poris” instead of “Boris”, and so on. 0,85
4. Sometimes, when in a hurry, I may say “khadat” instead of “khalat”, “snol” or “slod” instead of “slon” - that is, the sounds sometimes somehow get mixed up on my tongue by themselves. 0,81
5. I find it difficult to evaluate by ear the quality of both my own and other people’s speech, but acquaintances say that my speech is usually not very intelligible. 0,80
6. My speech is abundant and fairly rapid, but, according to acquaintances, it is not very intelligible - I myself generally find it rather difficult to assess the quality of speech, both my own and that of others. 0,71
7. My speech is somewhat hesitant; I find it difficult to select and pronounce words. 0,69
8. I experience some difficulty controlling my speech; for example, I sometimes “swallow” individual sounds in pronounced words, so that “okoshko” may sound like “koshka”, and so on. 0,69
9. When agitated, I sometimes feel that it becomes difficult to pronounce words. 0,68
10. I often have “slurred speech”, when it is difficult to pronounce every single sound distinctly (as if my larynx and tongue obey me poorly). 0,64

11. I can rapidly and absolutely cleanly on the first attempt (without getting the sounds mixed up on my tongue) pronounce aloud the phrase: “The ombudsman reported that systematic propaganda by Corsican collaborationists ambivalently contributed to the growth of resistance” (check this). -0,75
12. I have good diction; I pronounce any words clearly and without difficulty. -0,79
13. I have good, clear diction with high-quality pronunciation of all letters and sounds. -0,84

PROBLEMS - PAUSES, “TONGUE STICKS”, “UH-ING” AND “MM-ING” DURING SPEECH, DIFFICULTY TRANSLATING ONE’S THOUGHTS INTO EXTENDED UTTERANCES – association with anterior Broca’s aphasia

1. My speech contains many filler words (well, this, you know, like, and so on). 0,85
2. When I express myself aloud, my sentences come out somewhat awkward; it is not easy for me to translate an intention into an external, fully developed utterance. 0,83
3. I have difficulty formulating an utterance, translating my already formed thoughts into extended speech. 0,81
4. When I am agitated, it is as if my “tongue sticks” - I lose the ability to express my thoughts effectively aloud. 0,79
5. At least when I speak fluently, my speech contains many accidental, filler, meaningless, or incorrectly chosen words. 0,72
6. When speaking aloud, I often make “uh-uh-uh…” and “mm-mm-mm…” sounds while trying to find the right word somewhere “in the air.” 0,68

7. I have a very good sense of correctly constructed and smoothly flowing speech, a “feel for language.” -0,72
8. My speech is smooth, without a need for pauses to select words, and when formulating thoughts aloud I never make “uh” and “mm” sounds between words. -0,89

Anterior Broca’s aphasia and related conditions

(averaging the profiles of 27 scale questions, a total of 50152 respondent answers; all profiles are normalized to one sigma of the type profile)

Contribution of the traits to the variance of the property, %:

ORTHOGRAPHIC AGRAPHIA

Weakening of the left parietal lobe with a possible defect of the superior left parietal lobule and the upper part of the left angular gyrus.

1. When speaking aloud and when writing, I find it difficult to maintain the correct word order in a sentence, and as a result the phrase often comes out confused and awkward. 0,90
2. If I speak quickly, my speech is fluent but confused, sometimes with meaningless insertions, because I find it difficult to monitor my speech. 0,86
3. When writing on a sheet of paper, I often confuse the order of letters within words or omit individual letters in words. 0,85
4. My speech often contains carelessly used words - sometimes, without my noticing it, the word I need is replaced by something vague and only very remotely appropriate in its precise meaning. 0,81
5. When writing, I often carelessly omit the necessary punctuation marks after words. 0,80
6. The strict order of words is often disrupted in my speech. 0,79
7. When I write or type on a computer quickly and in a hurry, I usually make a considerable number of spelling and grammatical errors. 0,71
8. When I write, I sometimes omit some words in phrases without noticing it at first. 0,71
9. When writing by hand, I sometimes omit letters in words without noticing it at first. 0,69
10. When writing on paper, I often carelessly make errors in the correct spelling of word endings. 0,68
11. When writing on paper, I sometimes mechanically write the wrong letter instead of the required one in words. 0,65
12. When I write, I often carelessly omit letters or even entire syllables in words. 0,64

13. My phrases are always perfectly smooth, without any hesitations in their oral construction and without any need subsequently to correct the word order in writing. -0,69
14. Slips in letters, as well as grammatical and spelling errors, are practically never present in my writing. -0,70
15. I can easily pronounce aloud, without errors on the first attempt, the words “industrialization” and “diversification” (check this). -0,77

CONDUCTION APHASIA

Disruption of the connection between Broca’s and Wernicke’s centers (the motor and sensory speech centers). Speech is fluent in this condition, and sensory disturbances are also almost absent.

1. One person, intending to say “Nelson Rockefeller”, once pronounced: “Nelson Nokenfellen, that is, Relso Rikenfeller, that is, Felso Nokerfelson.” I often have similar disturbances when I try to pronounce some complicated word. 0,84
2. I sometimes make mistakes in carrying out instructions because I misunderstand by ear what exactly I was instructed to do and what was expected of me. 0,87

Orthographic agraphia and conduction aphasia (parietal cortex of the left hemisphere)

(averaging the profiles of 18 scale questions, a total of 29843 respondent answers; all profiles are normalized to one sigma of the type profile)

Contribution of the traits to the variance of the property, %:

WERNICKE SENSORY APHASIA

This affects the posterior regions of the speech areas in the auditory temporal cortex (Wernicke’s area); the center of auditory images, area T1, is affected. It is difficult to understand other people’s speech and difficult to control the correctness of one’s own speech.

1. I find it difficult to repeat other people’s complicated surnames aloud - I often stumble over the pronunciation of sound combinations. 0,94
2. In noisy conditions (for example, in the metro or another noisy place), the intelligibility of what I hear decreases noticeably - sometimes it is difficult to make out what the person next to me is saying. 0,84
3. I have noticed that in noisy conditions (for example, in the metro, at a disco, and so on) I cannot make out some of the words that the other person says to me. 0,80
4. When agitated, I usually stop understanding what I hear and have to strain myself. 0,72
5. Sometimes, instead of one word said by the other person, I hear a completely different one. 0,70
6. It happens that I sometimes cannot perceive speech quickly enough by ear and confuse, or poorly distinguish, certain consonant sounds (especially certain “plosive” sounds: T, D, B, P, G, K). 0,66

7. I easily notice another person’s individual manner of speaking and instantly notice every error in another person’s speech. -0,71

SEMANTIC APHASIA

Impaired understanding of logical-grammatical constructions reflecting spatial relations between objects (“spatial-logical relations”). Semantic aphasia is also associated with the posterior speech areas, as is Wernicke aphasia:

1. I find it difficult to grasp instantly how “the father of the brother” differs from “the brother of the father.” 0,68

2. When reading phrases such as “the cousin’s mother”, “the father’s brother”, “the brother’s father”, “the father’s mother”, I need no more than one second to understand clearly who is meant. -0,72

Posterior aphasias - Wernicke sensory aphasia and semantic aphasia (temporal and adjacent parietal zones of the cortex of the left hemisphere)

(averaging the profiles of 10 scale questions, a total of 7900 respondent answers; all profiles are normalized to one sigma of the type profile)

Contribution of the traits to the variance of the property, %:

To obtain profiles of impaired functions of the anterior (frontal and anterocentral parietal) zones of the left neocortex, the profiles of questions on Broca’s aphasia and related aphasias should be averaged.

To diagnose disturbances in zones of the parietal cortex located closer to the occiput and in the connecting pathways between the posterior and anterior auditory-speech regions, questions on orthographic agraphia and conduction aphasia should be averaged.

Finally, to diagnose disturbances of the posterior cortical regions of the auditory-speech analyzer (temporal zones and parietal cortical zones bordering on the temporal zones of the left hemisphere), we average the profiles of questions on sensory and semantic aphasias.

Comparison of the three tables presented shows that weakening of the functions of the frontal regions of the left neocortex (and, accordingly, a concomitant strengthening of the functions of the right-hemisphere frontal regions) is associated with increased INTROVERSION.

Weakening of the functions of the left parietal regions is associated with increased irrationality.

Weakening of the functions of the left temporal regions and a concomitant strengthening of the right temporal regions is associated with increased Questimity.

At the same time, weakening of the functions of the left-hemisphere cortex and strengthening of the functions of the right-hemisphere cortex (both anterior and posterior) are also accompanied by an increase in intuition (especially strongly), socionic seriousness, constructivism, yielding, positivism, and traits of the Result pole.

The Logic-Ethics balance is almost unrelated to the hemispheres! Fe together with Ti gravitates toward the left hemisphere (especially Fe!!!), and Fi together with Te – toward the cortex of the right hemisphere. However, this does not mean that Fe is supported by the neocortex of the left hemisphere. It may well be coupled with subcortical limbic centers whose activation is in reciprocal opposition to the neocortex of the corresponding hemisphere. Under this assumption, Fi would be more associated with the neocortex of the right hemisphere, and Fe – with its subcortical limbic centers (primarily the old cortex and the amygdala). This, however, is only a hypothesis.

Correlations between the type profiles of the 16 “classical” standard sociotypes and the type profiles of reduced left-neocortical activity

CONCLUSIONS for Part 1

The results of the study make it possible to suppose with a high degree of probability that:

1. The right hemisphere (and especially its frontal regions) is more introverted than the left.
2. The right hemisphere, at the level of all its regions (frontal, parietal, temporal), is more intuitive than the left.
3. The right hemisphere is more irrational than the left (especially at the level of the parietal and frontal regions; the temporal regions play a small role here).
4. At the level of all cortical regions, the right hemisphere has higher indicators of “seriousness” (socionic descendingness), constructivism, yielding, positivism, and traits of the Result pole.
5. The right hemisphere has greater Questimity – but only at the level of the posterior cortical regions (this probably extends not only to the temporal cortex but also to the insular cortex).
6. Both intuitive functions – Ni and Ne, with Ne to a slightly greater extent – gravitate toward the right hemisphere, whereas both sensory functions (especially Se) – toward the left.
7. Fi and Te probably have representations in both hemispheres, but their mechanisms gravitate more toward the right hemisphere. Analogously, the “Merry” functions Ti and Fe (and especially Fe!) gravitate toward the LEFT hemisphere!
8. Both Questim functions (especially Qi) gravitate toward the right hemisphere, whereas both Declatim functions (especially De) – toward the left.
9. The most “right-hemispheric” quadra is DELTA (except for the LSE type), whereas the most “left-hemispheric” on average is BETA (again except for one type, IEI).
10. In the ESE, SLE, LSI, LSE, SEE, and EIE psychotypes, the left neocortex (considered as a whole, integrally) is functionally active above the average level. By contrast, in the ILI, ILE, IEI, SLI, EII, LII, and IEE psychotypes, the left neocortex has functional activity below the average level. SEI, ESI, and LIE occupy an intermediate position.
11. According to the tables obtained in the study, the left frontal cortex is most active in ESE, SLE, and LSE, and least active in ILI, SLI, IEI, EII, and LII.
12. The left parietal cortex is, on average, most active in LSI, LSE, ESE, and ESI. It is least active – in ILE, ILI, and IEE.
13. The left temporal cortex is most active in SLE, LSI, SEE, and LSE. It is least active – in ILI, EII, IEI, ILE, LII, and SLI.

These results partly confirm and partly refute some earlier socionic hypotheses. In addition, the findings of the study coincide with previously known scientific data. Specifically, they agree with information about greater introversion of the right hemisphere and especially its frontal regions (which was demonstrated as early as the work of A. Luria), and about greater intuitiveness and Questimity of the right hemisphere (although the concept of socionic Questimity is not used in neuroscience, one of its markers is the “sense of loss”; and for this sense of loss [deprivation, loss], neurosurgery has long established that it is associated with the right hemisphere and, in particular, is impaired by resection of the right frontal lobes [but not the left!]). It is also known that electrical stimulation (or stimulation by epileptic foci) of structures of the right hemisphere sharply increases creative abilities and motivations, which indicates an increase in intuition.

PART 2 – COMPARISON WITH MOTOR TESTS OF RIGHT-HEMISPHERE CORTICAL DOMINANCE

(COMPOSITION OF THE TESTS: SEE THE APPENDIX)

INTERCORRELATIONS OF TYPE PROFILES OF THE MOTOR TESTS

PART 3 – IDENTIFICATION OF CHARACTERISTIC PERSONALITY PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH RIGHT-HEMISPHERE CORTICAL DOMINANCE (REFLECTED IN APHASIAS AND AGRAPHIAS OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE)

From 11 thousand questionnaire items with known type profiles, we selected items whose profiles had the highest correlations with the profile of deficient left-hemisphere cortical functions (which, according to the principle of compensation, can also be regarded as a profile of right-hemisphere cortical dominance). The following 36 semantic clusters were then formed from these selected items:

1. Memory problems
2. Confuses left and right
3. Motor clumsiness, confuses the sequence of actions, disrupted melody of movements
4. Plasticity, smoothness, and oscillation versus sharp delineation and unambiguity
5. Craving for sweets
6. Liberalism, everyone is equal, does not need power or control over others
7. Visions
8. Perception of surroundings as unique rather than as standard exemplars
9. Attention disturbances, diffusion of thoughts, difficulty fixing and retaining them
10. Lives by the principle “whatever happens, happens”, from one current pleasure to another, deficit of goals and motivations, lack of goal-directedness, lack of persistence, weakness of the “core” of personality
11. Freezing in contemplation, inclination toward meditation
12. Problems with the sense of one’s internal personal integrity
13. Disregard for patriotism and nationalism
14. Tends to justify people, not inclined to condemn or despise them
15. Drowsiness comes on easily
16. Sleep talking
17. Acne
18. Negative attitude toward fear as a means of influence
19. Napoleon pose - left arm farther from the chest
20. Deficit of self-respect and self-confidence
21. Often had tonsillitis in childhood
22. Lack of firmness, fluidity of viewpoints, views, and convictions, susceptibility to external influence; uncertainty in statements (but does not look “down” on people)
23. Vestibular balance disturbances
24. Illusions of having seen before and of never having seen before
25. Does not tolerate shouting, scandals, and emotional pathos
26. No attraction to prestige and status
27. Softness, pliability
28. Sensory inattention, difficulty maintaining visual attention
29. Poor sense of physical time
30. Nonconflictuality and nonaggressiveness
31. Not arrogant or narcissistic, does not place self above others, does not demean others for this purpose
32. Vasodilation (blushing of the cheeks)
33. Reduced libido
34. Awareness of one’s own infantilism
35. Absent-mindedness
36. Miscellaneous

APPENDIX

Item-by-item composition of clusters of psychological properties correlated with dominance of the cortex of the right hemisphere and weakening of functions of the cortex of the left hemisphere.
After the clusters and individual items, the coefficient of linear correlation of their type profiles with the profile of the integral indicator of weakening of left-neocortical functions is indicated.

1) MEMORY PROBLEMS (0,81)

1. There are times when I automatically perform some complex actions and then cannot give myself an account of exactly what I was doing (that is, everything is quickly forgotten). 0,86
2. I have memory problems. 0,74
3. I occasionally have memory lapses when I cannot recall the events of the preceding few minutes at all. 0,74
4. Sometimes I cannot remember the events of the recent preceding hours. 0,73
5. Sometimes I cannot remember what I did and what I was occupied with during the last five minutes. 0,71
6. Often (at least once every couple of days), I go to do something, but on the way I become distracted by something unrelated for literally a minute, and immediately afterward I completely forget what I had been going to do. 0,70
7. I often forget some necessary things at work or, conversely, at home. 0,69
8. Sometimes I have such amusing “blanks” in consciousness that I cannot immediately figure out where I am. 0,68
9. Sometimes I forget the names of certain objects - effort is required to recall them. 0,68
10. Sometimes I completely forget the names of certain objects for several seconds. 0,67
11. Sometimes I lose memory of what happened recently, yesterday, or the day before yesterday. 0,67
12. Sometimes I put a needed object somewhere, then become distracted by something for literally a minute, and immediately afterward I completely cannot remember where I put it. 0,65
13. I have memory problems. 0,65
14. I remember poorly what I was doing yesterday and may become confused about the sequence of events. 0,62
15. Sometimes I become confused about the order of events. 0,58
16. Sometimes during a conversation I notice that I no longer remember its beginning. 0,58
17. Sometimes some recent events and my own actions during them quite genuinely “drop out” of my memory. 0,56
18. Surnames, names, and telephone numbers are poorly retained in my memory. 0,55
19. I often forget what I put where in my home. 0,49

20. I easily recall the place, time, and circumstances in which I met one or another person among my numerous acquaintances. -0,65
21. I am sure that I know precisely the sequence of absolutely all Russian emperors, empresses, and other supreme rulers, from Peter the First to the very latest present one. -0,69
22. I remember perfectly even the smallest things I have done during the last ten minutes; I do not have memory lapses. -0,69
23. I easily recall the place, time, and circumstances in which I first met any person among my acquaintances. -0,70
24. I remember numbers, formulas, factual information, and peculiarities of different people’s pronunciation well and quickly by ear. -0,70

2) CONFUSES LEFT AND RIGHT (0,79)

1. Sometimes, when explaining how and where to go, I confuse the right and left sides. 0,78
2. Sometimes I become confused or take quite a long time to determine which side is left and which is right. 0,73
3. Sometimes I confuse clockwise and counterclockwise directions of rotation and cannot always determine instantly which way something should be turned. 0,72
4. In childhood I often confused my right and left hands and could not remember which was which for a long time. 0,68

3) MOTOR CLUMSINESS, CONFUSES THE SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS, DISRUPTED MELODY OF MOVEMENTS (0,84)

1. Sometimes during interaction with others I do not know what to do with my hands. 0,83
2. I often become confused about the required sequence of movements. 0,82
3. When I type on a keyboard, my finger movements are usually jerky and awkward; there is no single smooth “melody of tapping.” 0,76
4. When I am nervous, my hands begin to feel uncertain - I start thinking about them and do not know what to do with them. 0,71
5. The same letters in my handwriting inevitably “dance” in size and shape, even when I try while writing - I am certainly not destined to be a calligrapher. 0,70
6. Sometimes, because I am in a hurry, I press the wrong buttons instead of the required ones on some devices. 0,69
7. I often confuse the order of the required actions - which button to press first and which afterward. 0,69
8. I often do not know what to do with my hands and, in general, am characterized by a certain awkwardness of posture and movement. 0,69
9. In my ordinary rapid handwriting, the letters strongly “dance” in height, width, and shape; they cannot be called even and identical. 0,66
10. When I am agitated, my hands become as if useless and even begin to get in the way - I may accidentally touch or drop something with a hand. 0,65
11. My letters are awkward when I write, even if I try to form them neatly. 0,60

12. If I wish, I can write almost calligraphically. -0,57
13. Compared with other people’s handwriting, mine is more legible and “calligraphic” (the letters are identical, neat, and not of assorted forms). -0,62

4) PLASTICITY, SMOOTHNESS, AND OSCILLATION VERSUS SHARP DELINEATION AND UNAMBIGUITY (0,78)

1. I like plastic, seemingly oscillating forms in art more than everything that is sharply delineated. 0,70
2. In aesthetics, I like violations of symmetry. 0,67
3. Watercolor washes with very subtle shades and subtle transitions of light and shadow appeal to me more than painting based on bright and contrasting colors. 0,67
4. Nothing is unchanging and eternal - I like probabilistic assessments and changeable, “swaying” forms. 0,67
5. My oral or written narratives are usually not smooth but “ragged”, like zigzags - with stops, abrupt decelerations or accelerations, sudden insertions of a thought that has just come into my head, sharp turns, and so on. 0,60

6. I do not like discussions of alternatives and possibilities; I prefer unambiguous situations. -0,45
7. Individual words in my everyday speech are separated and emphasized and have clear separating pauses. -0,51
8. I prefer problems that have a single solution with a single permissible result. -0,51
9. I always put only one, and moreover clearly defined, meaning into my statements. -0,54
10. I believe it cannot be the case that two different opinions about the same thing are both correct at once. -0,55
11. In diplomatic negotiations with opponents, I usually adhere to the motto: “All or nothing!” -0,64
12. I like unambiguous conclusions; as a result of a dispute, one viewpoint must necessarily prove truer than all the others. -0,69
13. In my speech, words have sharp stresses and are always clearly separated by pauses - I cannot stand it when people speak without pauses between words. -0,73
14. A good teacher is one who gives unambiguous answers to all questions. -0,76

5) CRAVING FOR SWEETS (0,81)

1. At the end of lunch I practically always eat something sweet (a sweet dessert, sweet compote, sweet tea, and so on). 0,84
2. I eat a lot of sweets (practically every day - some candy, chocolate bars, sweet buns, or other sweets). 0,70
3. At the age of 8-11, I was very fond of candy and other sweets. 0,69
4. I often have a strong craving for something sweet. 0,64
5. If I buy a chocolate bar or a bar of chocolate, it never lies around for long - I almost always eat it the same day. 0,46

6. I eat almost nothing sweet at all. -0,62
7. In childhood I was indifferent to chocolate and ate almost no candy, and I did not like very sweet tea either. -0,64
8. In childhood (in primary school), I ate almost no sweets - I simply did not like them and had no craving for them. -0,70

6) LIBERALISM, EVERYONE IS EQUAL, DOES NOT NEED POWER OR CONTROL OVER OTHERS (0,85)

1. It is always more pleasant to create something oneself than to direct from above. 0,73
2. I dislike it when people feel that they are dependent on me. 0,71
3. Being free and independent is a hundred times more important than being high-ranking. 0,70
4. If I were an omnipotent god, I would follow the principle of people’s self-determination; intervention and supervision would be repugnant to me. 0,70
5. I believe that the order of one structure should never also be extended to the order of another structure, still less to the point of their universalization and merger - let all flowers bloom, let there be many different orders, and let everyone live as they like. 0,70
6. A great deal of freedom is more pleasant to me than a great deal of power. 0,69
7. Every individual person is already an entire world, and this world is no less important than the world of the whole large country. 0,67
8. I do not know how to “pressure” others; I neither know how nor like to control the surrounding space. 0,67
9. I would try to avoid work in which I am ordered around and must order someone else around. 0,66
10. I would try to avoid work in which one has to give orders to people and manage them. 0,65
11. Expanding my knowledge of the world interests me more than power. 0,64
12. People should behave independently rather than identically; there is no reason for them to orient themselves toward leaders. 0,63
13. I oppose a policy of legislative prohibitions and restrictions - there should be as few prohibitions in laws as possible, and certainly far fewer than there are today. 0,63
14. It is better to live: 1) In a unitary state 5) In a federal state, with separate and fairly broad autonomous rights for the regions. 0,62
15. I believe that even the highest interests of the state cannot take precedence over laws and citizens’ rights. 0,61

16. A good society should have unity of command. -0,69
17. I very much like it when a dog obeys my commands and looks at me with devoted eyes. -0,58
18. I know how to derive pleasure from humiliating an enemy. -0,64
19. I like to control each and every person in a system of relations subordinate to me. -0,64
20. I am stubborn and persistent, sometimes to the point of conflict, if I encounter irrationality in the actions of people close to me (for example, in children while they are doing homework, and so on). -0,66
21. Wherever I am placed in charge, everyone there will live according to order and schedule. -0,66
22. I am very jealous; I need to possess my partner completely and dominate them completely. -0,67
23. The sweetest thing in life is power over others. -0,67
24. Everyone in society should know their place. -0,67
25. I like to forbid things, or I like to control how people comply with various prohibitions. -0,68
26. I take pleasure in “driving” people at work and increasing their labor productivity. -0,69
27. My stronger qualities include my willpower, inclination, and talent for leadership. -0,69
28. I very much like to subordinate the external environment to myself and impose my will. -0,69
29. I would like to be a manager or overseer on a 19th-century coffee plantation. -0,69
30. I like watching military parades. -0,70
31. In order to instill correct things in people’s minds, violence is useful and necessary. -0,71
32. I like to manage people rigidly. -0,71
33. If I have no subordinates, I feel uncomfortable, “out of place.” -0,71
34. If I were a high-ranking boss, I would be very strict with my subordinates. -0,71
35. I would like to be an arbiter of human destinies. -0,72
36. A well-organized society is one in which the actions of all people are predictable and controllable. -0,72
37. I have a habit of intervening, with irritation that is difficult to restrain, by giving advice and remarks about the work of subordinates or colleagues if I see that it is being done incorrectly. -0,72
38. When I hear “no” in response, I usually, quite automatically, experience inner anger. -0,73
39. What would you prefer to do for the same pay? 1) Manage a shelter for homeless animals 5) Train service dogs. -0,74
40. I like to rigidly control any situation that is connected with me in any way. -0,75
41. I like to reprimand or punish those who excessively “stick out” or violate the established order. -0,75
42. If I had twenty million dollars, I would be willing and glad to have exactly half that money, provided that in return I held the rank and position of colonel in influential law-enforcement structures protecting state secrets and security. -0,77
43. Members of my family sometimes complain that I restrict their freedom and independence - I really am rather strict. -0,78
44. I am inclined to impose my own rules. -0,83

7) VISIONS DURING MEDITATION (0,72)

1. As a result of meditation, I have sometimes had visions while awake. 0,72

8) PERCEPTION OF SURROUNDINGS AS UNIQUE RATHER THAN AS STANDARD EXEMPLARS (0,68)

1. Most situations are unique; standard methods and typical exemplars are poorly suited to them. 0,68

9) ATTENTION DISTURBANCES, DIFFUSION OF THOUGHTS, DIFFICULTY FIXING AND RETAINING THEM (0,79)

1. Sometimes I experience an unpleasant state of “fog” in my head, when there is some unpleasant, indistinct commotion in my brain and I cannot hold and focus a thought, even after prolonged effort. 0,76
2. Recently it has been very difficult for me to flexibly control my attention, switch it quickly, or sustain it for a long time on what is needed. 0,75
3. I sometimes have states in which I become confused in my own thoughts - I cannot concentrate on any one of them in order to decide something, and in general there is a great deal of ineradicable disordered commotion and some kind of “fog” in my head. 0,74
4. I have almost never been able to assimilate lecture material directly during lectures - at some point I would invariably “drop out” of the explanation, and afterward I always had to learn the material again by reading the textbook and notes with my own eyes. 0,74
5. I often feel a lack of clarity in my thoughts, brain fog. 0,72
6. While preparing for examinations, many varied and distracting ideas and fantasies, completely unrelated to the subject matter, constantly came into my head. 0,72
7. I am often (at least during the last month) troubled by a peculiar “restlessness of thoughts” and difficulty concentrating them calmly - in the form of a kind of haziness and “restlessness”, and therefore an overall “smudged”, indistinct quality that greatly interferes with me. 0,71
8. My own fantasies and sudden insights often “knock me off” a thought I have already begun or a consideration I am expressing aloud. 0,71
9. I have problems with the scope of attention - I often fail to notice something important. 0,70
10. When I watch television, I usually: 1) Watch one program continuously without switching to other channels 5) Frequently switch back and forth between channels - watch an episode of one program, then an episode of another, then return to the first, and so on. 0,70
11. Over five minutes I usually: 1) remain focused on one thing 5) manage to “wander” through many different thoughts. 0,70
12. My speech is not very clear or sequential; sometimes in conversation I jump from one thought to another and lose the main line of the narrative. 0,70
13. Far too often I experience difficulty concentrating and a lazy diffuseness of attention. 0,69
14. The more I try to concentrate, the more distracted I become. 0,69
15. Quite often I experience insufficient clarity of thought - my attention is scattered, it is difficult to think through the meaning of phrases, my muscles are tired and sluggish, and overall I have a sense of some inadequacy of my own at that moment. 0,69
16. I quite often have states involving muscular weakness, some confusion of consciousness, and dispersion of attention. 0,68
17. I sometimes have an excess of absent-mindedness - I lack internal self-control and organization. 0,68
18. Compared with other people, I often lack consistency and goal-directedness. 0,68
19. It is difficult to fantasize about one subject for a long time - the longer I think, the faster my thoughts spread to other things, while the previous subject ceases to seem interesting. 0,67
20. I often experience the sense that the thread of thought has broken, with a suddenly arising feeling of insurmountable “emptiness” in my head. 0,65
21. I sometimes find it difficult to control my thoughts - they seem to begin living their own life, beyond my control. 0,65
22. My attention seems to float back and forth all the time - therefore, while doing something, I often become distracted by other “side” tasks that suddenly come to mind. 0,65
23. I often strain to catch some slipping association or analogy and cannot do so. 0,65
24. Sometimes everything around me seems slightly as if in a fog. 0,64
25. Sometimes something small, empty, and completely unnecessary at the moment intrusively comes into my head, distracting and irritating me - either random thoughts and ideas unrelated to the current task, similar memories, or images of the imagination. 0,64
26. I find it difficult to consciously concentrate my attention on a task - no matter how hard I try, I still involuntarily become distracted by all kinds of interfering external stimuli. 0,63
27. My attention constantly “floats”, never remaining on one thing for long - therefore, other people’s untimely attempts to focus my attention on some information requiring great attentional effort usually irritate me. 0,63
28. When I fantasize about something, my associations are chaotic and fragmentary, swarming like a cloud of mosquitoes and repeatedly returning to the starting point. They resemble a coherent plot least of all. 0,62
29. I am often hindered by the fact that my attention is easily distracted and dispersed. 0,60
30. In my speech I often slip away from the topic and the sequence of exposition. 0,59

31. I easily concentrate my attention (on an object, thought, or memory) without problems. -0,60
32. In my thoughts, I more often reason by means of words, in inner speech, and sequentially, rather than by leaps or by means of some vague visual “flashes of insight” and images. -0,67
33. I am a good presenter; I can convey material to a listener briefly and intelligibly. -0,70

10) LIVES BY THE PRINCIPLE “WHATEVER HAPPENS, HAPPENS”, FROM ONE CURRENT PLEASURE TO ANOTHER, DEFICIT OF GOALS AND MOTIVATIONS, LACK OF GOAL-DIRECTEDNESS, LACK OF PERSISTENCE, WEAKNESS OF THE “CORE” OF PERSONALITY (0,81)

1. What is more important to you - 1) My authority among acquaintances 5) My small daily pleasures. 0,73
2. I am much less ambitious than others with respect to various governmental, public, or professional ranks and titles. 0,71
3. I often experience discomfort even from activities I love. 0,70
4. Apathy is characteristic of me (that is, I very often lack goal-directedness and desire for anything). 0,70
5. In my affairs there is always a romantically unfinished element; sometimes even I myself do not fully know what I am going to do, and I certainly will not discuss it. 0,69
6. I often find it difficult to mobilize myself and concentrate on carrying out some task that is important to me. 0,69
7. A certain relaxed state, lack of tone and collectedness, is my usual initial condition. 0,68
8. My main problem is that I often want nothing, I am bored, I do not know what to occupy myself with or what sort of thing to desire. 0,68
9. From time to time I need to be “pushed” by more energetic people. 0,67
10. I do not suffer from depression, but I have a problem with my “I WANT” - I often want nothing or cannot figure out what I want. 0,67
11. I will often agree to something and say “yes”, but then change my mind at the last moment. 0,66
12. At times I energetically “turn the flywheel”, and at other times I become immersed in thought for a long time – living constantly at the same intensity is not interesting. 0,65
13. My motivations are weak; I often lack a drive toward anything. 0,64
14. I have a problem with desires and drives - I often experience a deficit of them. 0,64
15. I almost always need a push in order to begin work. 0,63
16. I live by the principle “whatever happens, happens.” 0,63
17. I greatly value and respect luckiness in people. 0,63
18. I easily forget a previous desire or agree to a substitute if I cannot satisfy some need immediately. 0,61
19. I often notice that I cannot engage in one activity for long - the desire quickly runs out, irritability appears, and the activity becomes repugnant. 0,59
20. I often lack impulses to act - there is no anxiety or worry, but I also do not want to move and am even too lazy to speak. 0,57
21. I often feel phlegmatic and need to be “pushed” from outside. 0,55

22. I am a person with very strong desires and drives. -0,36
23. When I want something, I absolutely must obtain it. -0,62
24. My desires are stronger and more persistent than those of other people - thanks to this, I usually achieve what I want. -0,63
25. If I lose even something not especially important in my apartment - an object or a note - I will stubbornly search everything until I find it. -0,64
26. At any moment I always have a principal conscious desire or aspiration connected with my principal need. -0,65
27. If I become fired by a goal, I remain faithful to it for years, breaking a path toward it with my strong emotions and self-confidence. -0,66
28. I always know and feel exactly what I want, what at the given moment “my heart is drawn to.” -0,67
29. I am accustomed to subordinating everything to my strongest needs, desires, and drives. -0,70
30. Everything in my life is subordinated to one single principal task. -0,70
31. I have healthy careerism - my drive for a career is stronger than that of most of my friends. -0,74
32. I become indignant and stubbornly stand my ground up to the point of a scandal if I am not allowed somewhere (to some event). -0,75

11) FREEZING IN CONTEMPLATION, INCLINATION TOWARD MEDITATION (0,87)

1. I like looking into the water of bodies of water. 0,75
2. When I examine some person or object, I sometimes do not notice what is happening around me. 0,71
3. I would like to engage in various meditation and breathing practices that help self-improvement. 0,71
4. Fire fascinates me for a long time - I like watching the wavering tongues of flame. 0,70
5. My eyes usually begin automatically following some moving object by themselves, often even against my will. 0,66
6. I can stare at something, mechanically keeping my gaze on that object for a long time. 0,64
7. The unexpected shape of some objects often suddenly arouses my interest. 0,63
8. I often look at one point for a long time without shifting my gaze. 0,62
9. I often enjoy states of thoughtlessness and lack of feeling, when everything is one and it is as if one sits entirely without thoughts or feelings on the bank of an eternally flowing river. 0,62
10. I have a habit of mechanically tracking moving objects without taking my eyes off them for a long time. 0,61

12) PROBLEMS WITH THE SENSE OF ONE’S INTERNAL PERSONAL INTEGRITY (0,78)

1. Sometimes I have had a strange feeling as if I had lost the sense of separateness, stability, and indivisible integrity of my human “I”, as if I were spreading over the surrounding world like butter on bread. 0,77
2. I have problems with the sense of my internal personal integrity. 0,76
3. There is too much that is unstable and unsteady in me, and because of this I constantly want greater definiteness concerning myself, and for the same reason I strongly dislike those who sow yet more doubts in me. 0,69

13) DISREGARD FOR PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM (0,80)

1. Similarity of interests is always much more important than people’s citizenship and nationality. 0,69
2. For preserving national distinctiveness, preservation of cultural codes will be much more important than preservation of the original genetic (biological) codes of the people inhabiting the country. 0,48

3. I like patriotic films. -0,61
4. Without national self-consciousness, that is, without a sense of its national separateness, a nation and its state inevitably die out. -0,65
5. The rights of newcomers should be substantially restricted in comparison with the rights of indigenous residents. -0,70
6. My country is always right by definition, because it is my country. -0,74
7. Different nations differ from one another more strongly than people of the same nationality differ from one another. -0,83

14) TENDS TO JUSTIFY PEOPLE, NOT INCLINED TO CONDEMN OR DESPISE THEM (0,85)

1. I am more often inclined to justify acquaintances or characters in films and books, to look for positive motives in their actions even when those actions appear unattractive at first glance (or to explain them by necessity). 0,70
2. Compared with other people, I am calm and tolerant toward other viewpoints and other lifestyles. 0,65
3. I am undemanding toward people. 0,62

4. I like making remarks to people I know, “educating” them. -0,59
5. There are people who arouse strong, dense hatred in me. -0,62
6. I believe we coddle criminals too much. -0,65
7. There are people whom I hate, toward whom I feel “dense malice.” -0,66
8. The ideas of humanism only corrupt people. -0,67
9. My likes and dislikes toward people are strong and very stable. -0,69
10. Sometimes I am categorical in evaluating the motives of other people’s actions; sometimes I am quick to condemn. -0,70
11. I make remarks to people fairly often. -0,74
12. There are people whom I suspect of having wanted to rob me. -0,78

15) DROWSINESS COMES ON EASILY (0,91)

1. If nothing from outside excites me or asks me any questions, a drowsy, inhibited state often comes over me. 0,82
2. A lecturer’s quiet voice almost always lulled me to sleep, preventing me from concentrating my attention for long. 0,82
3. An environment of monotonous stimuli, a droning voice, quiet music, and so on often has a soporific effect on me. 0,73
4. In the middle of the day I sometimes fall asleep without wanting to (although I also slept at night). 0,70
5. I often feel sleepy and tired and want to be left alone. 0,65

16) SLEEP TALKING (0,70)

1. While asleep, without waking up, I sometimes begin saying something aloud. 0,70

17) ACNE (0,70)

1. I have acne, with pimples periodically appearing in its places. 0,70

18) NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD FEAR AS A MEANS OF INFLUENCE (0,77)

1. Fear of punishment should be used as an incentive as rarely as possible, and preferably not used at all. 0,64
2. An atmosphere of fear and penalties discourages me from learning anything for a long time. 0,62

3. I know how to use fear to influence people. -0,70
4. The absolute majority of people are restrained from crime and idleness only by fear. -0,73
5. Painful physical punishments help in the proper upbringing of children. -0,74
6. If people live without fear of punishment, they generally turn into unrestrained animals. -0,78

19) NAPOLEON POSE - LEFT ARM FARTHER FROM THE CHEST (0,63)

1. Fold your arms across your chest in the Napoleon pose (each hand grips the forearm of the other arm). Which arm ended up farther from the chest, that is, was placed across the chest last and can then be removed first? If the left, give yourself a “5”; if the right, give yourself a “1”. 0,63

20) DEFICIT OF SELF-RESPECT AND SELF-CONFIDENCE (0,89)

1. I lack self-respect. 0,73
2. My opinion of myself often fluctuates depending on my current successes and many other circumstances. 0,73
3. My self-esteem constantly jumps, and it is often very low. 0,71
4. Sometimes I seem to myself to be simply a pig. 0,67
5. Several years ago I thought much better and faster than I do now. 0,67
6. In childhood and adolescence I was often obsessively convinced that I was unattractive and awkward and that others supposedly noticed this. 0,66

7. The absolute majority of my acquaintances respect me. -0,62
8. There are people who often try to criticize me, but they almost always talk nonsense. -0,66
9. In childhood I often openly mocked my parents and peers - I was smarter than all of them put together. -0,66
10. Almost every day I feel pride in my successes, my position, and the authority I have won. -0,69
11. A sense of being the master is characteristic of me wherever I am. -0,69
12. If a person comes to me poorly and carelessly dressed, I may perceive this as poor and disrespectful treatment of me. -0,69
13. In choosing a line of behavior, the basic and principal consideration for me is always that others recognize my rank and respect me for my strength and merits. -0,70
14. As a rule, I am conscious of my own importance, significance, and authority. -0,71
15. I have no doubt that in my own “niche” I am stronger than others. -0,74
16. I am self-confident and ambitious, do not tolerate arrogant or ironic treatment of me, and usually become genuinely angry when people argue and wrangle with me. -0,79
17. How do you walk? 1) stooped 5) with a straight back or even with the “stomach forward” 3) do not know. -0,80

21) OFTEN HAD TONSILLITIS IN CHILDHOOD (0,66)

1. In childhood I often had tonsillitis. 0,66

22) LACK OF FIRMNESS, FLUIDITY OF VIEWPOINTS, VIEWS, AND CONVICTIONS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EXTERNAL INFLUENCE; UNCERTAINTY IN STATEMENTS (BUT SELF-CRITICAL, ALIEN TO DOGMATISM, AND DOES NOT LOOK “DOWN” ON PEOPLE) (0,87)

1. From my intonation, it is not always possible to tell whether I am asking a question or asserting something. 0,70
2. When new facts appear, I quickly change my viewpoint. 0,68
3. Stubbornness is not my way; I can always adopt the opposite viewpoint and look at the problem from the other side. 0,64
4. I often use the words: “maybe”, “can”, “possibly”. 0,60

5. My desires and drives are very stable, inert, and long-lasting. -0,41
6. I have very stable, constant, and independent views on what is beautiful and aesthetic and what is not. -0,56
7. It is not easy for me to abandon fixed ways of life and worldviews or change my previous viewpoint. -0,56
8. I uncompromisingly reject everything that contradicts the system I have chosen, which I consider the most suitable. -0,62
9. I consider my viewpoint the only correct one. -0,64
10. In my ideas and assumptions I am inclined toward maximalism and sometimes toward stubborn “blinkeredness.” -0,64
11. I am always surprised at how some people try to live in friendship “both with ours and with yours” - no, you must be either with us or WITH THEM - but then you are against us. -0,66
12. I consider many people among my acquaintances “beneath” me and stupider than me. -0,66
13. At the end of my verbal remarks there always seems to be a firm, bold period or exclamation mark. -0,70
14. There are plenty of nonentities around me. -0,71
15. Hatred and contempt for nonentities are feelings native and beloved to me. -0,73
16. I like and know how to command and exert volitional pressure, and for influencing people I also know very well how to shame and inspire them and apply methods of persuasion. -0,74
17. It is typical of me that I do not accept criticism directed at me and try to get rid of people who question the expediency of my actions and the rationality of my decisions. -0,74
18. I am always very categorical in my statements and actions. -0,76
19. I always speak didactically and persuasively, often shifting to passionate or aggressive intonations. -0,77
20. I always know firmly in advance whom I will vote for in elections. -0,80

23) VESTIBULAR BALANCE DISTURBANCES (0,71)

1. Sometimes while walking I feel as if I am suddenly being “pulled” somewhere to the side. 0,70
2. It has happened that after abruptly standing up from a lying position, a second later I felt that everything was swimming before my eyes and my legs would not support me, and this lasted for several seconds. 0,68
3. My balance is not very good - sometimes while walking I am slightly “pulled” from side to side, and it is also difficult to remain motionless at the command “attention.” 0,66
4. Quite often, while I am standing, my head begins to spin, so that my vision even “darkens” a little and I am pulled somewhere to the side. 0,61
5. When I stand up from a sitting position, my head often begins to spin. 0,58
6. I sometimes stumble or even fall while walking. 0,57

24) ILLUSIONS OF HAVING SEEN BEFORE AND OF NEVER HAVING SEEN BEFORE (0,71)

1. Several times a year or more often I experience the illusion of “never having seen before”, when very familiar surrounding objects and people suddenly begin to seem strangely unfamiliar and new, as if I were seeing them for the first time. 0,66

2. Several times a year or more often I experience the illusion of “having seen before”, when, while in a place where I definitely have never been before and with people with whom I definitely have never interacted before, I suddenly have the strange sensation that this conversation, this place, and the entire situation as a whole have already occurred at some time in my life. 0,64

25) DOES NOT TOLERATE SHOUTING, SCANDALS, AND EMOTIONAL PATHOS (0,70)

1. If someone shouts at me or threatens me, I often begin to smile in a somewhat modestly apologetic manner. 0,69
2. On the rare occasions when I happened to cry, I never knew and could not properly explain what I was crying about. 0,66
3. When others are shouting and agitated, I become bored; everything seems indifferent and I do not want to do anything. 0,64
4. A loud emotional scandal almost always immediately throws me off balance. 0,60
5. Sometimes I feel helpless if I find myself at the center of a highly emotional situation. 0,59
6. Which is more often unpleasant? - 1) Another person’s chuckling for no reason 5) Another person’s hysterics with foot-stamping. 0,56
7. I strongly dislike scandals - because I have absolutely no idea what to do in such a situation. 0,49

8. I feel good (or in my youth felt good) at discos - with loud music and bright flashing light. -0,54
9. I like realistic films with heroic emotional pathos. -0,74

26) NO ATTRACTION TO PRESTIGE AND STATUS (0,81)

1. All reverence, regalia, positions, titles, hierarchies, and so on, together with traditions and rituals, seem both ridiculous and boring to me. 0,60

2. I often have fears that for some reason I may lose my status or lose my social identity. -0,60
3. It is very important to me how I look and what impression I make. -0,64
4. I would rather not use a mobile phone at all than carry its cheapest model. -0,65
5. I absolutely must possess what is considered fashionable and prestigious - therefore I would never use in public an item that is still serviceable but already old and unprestigious. -0,66
6. If I am publicly insulted, I will definitely demand that the person later apologize to me publicly as well, standing before other people. -0,66
7. I have a stronger need for high social status than others. -0,67
8. It is important for me to be the recognized leader in a group, the foremost man - otherwise I will feel uncomfortable. -0,67
9. Even if I am interacting with a person who does not work where I do, I will still pay great attention in my interaction with them to the position they occupy in the official hierarchy. -0,68
10. I like “cool”, high-status things. -0,68
11. Even at home I will wear only the best and most prestigious items from my wardrobe - even if I have few such items. -0,74

27) SOFTNESS, PLIABILITY (0,75)

1. When agitated, I lower my eyes or avert my gaze somewhere to the side. 0,70
2. Because of shyness, I often avoided making contact because I was afraid of being rejected. 0,68
3. Leading any group and assigning responsibilities within it is definitely not for me. 0,60
4. Some people suppress and paralyze me by their mere presence. 0,58
5. When I walk through grass in a field, I try not to step on flowers. 0,57
6. I am often unsure of myself. 0,56
7. I often experience strong emotional distress that I am not entirely worthy of the great mission entrusted to me. 0,56
8. I usually continue thinking after I have already made a decision and sometimes change my mind. 0,54
9. When I need to evaluate some step and make a practical decision, I am usually indecisive and inclined to hesitation. 0,46

10. I express myself almost always with confidence and assertive force. -0,51
11. If necessary, I can make very strict demands, in such a way that not only subordinates but also people above me in status will take me into account. -0,51
12. I am a person who is more firm than soft. -0,53
13. I believe that in some particular situations one has to step over other people in order to reach the necessary place. -0,58
14. Work as a prosecutor, investigator, or censor would suit me very well. -0,60
15. I would very much like responsible work connected with power or management of a large organization. -0,64
16. I have a strong and authoritarian character that demands complete submission from those around me. -0,64
17. The role of the official leader of a group of people, a manager who sets the rhythm of the common work with personal energy, suits me well. -0,65
18. Work as an inspector overseeing compliance with some regulations would suit me very well. -0,65
19. I am always bluntly harsh with violators of discipline and am good at giving “verbal dressings-down.” -0,65
20. I have strong willpower and excellent practicality; I know how to control my own emotions and manipulate the emotions of others. -0,67
21. I always strive to create a cohesive group that would obey me completely. -0,68
22. I never allow anyone to deprive me of money that was even casually promised to me. -0,71
23. I live by the maxim, with conviction: “if you live with wolves, howl like a wolf.” -0,72
24. During a conversation it is very difficult to interrupt or stop me without letting me finish my thought. -0,80

28) SENSORY VISUAL INATTENTION (0,67)

1. My gaze often “runs” from side to side when I am talking with someone. 0,70
2. When I search for some misplaced object in a room, I sometimes fail to see it right in front of me for a long time, although afterward it turns out that it was lying in a fairly conspicuous place. 0,60
3. When reading text in a book, I find it difficult to keep my gaze on one line; sometimes I have to help myself with a finger or ruler. 0,58

4. I easily and quickly estimate the size of objects - which is larger, which smaller; which farther away, which slightly closer - even if they differ only very slightly. -0,44
5. I have always been better than others at sorting grain and quickly finding defective grains in it. -0,59
6. I sensitively notice deviations of objects from the correct form - for example, a plate’s deviation from a perfect circle, or a picture hung slightly crooked on the wall - which others do not notice. -0,59
7. If some small object is missing from my desk (for example, if someone, in my absence, took a paper clip or eraser that had long been lying there to use it), I instantly sense and notice this absence with a casual glance at my desk. -0,62
8. I am always maximally attentive to my surroundings and never mentally “drop out” of the situation. -0,64
9. I instantly notice any incongruity, the slightest deviation from normality in the overall picture of the surroundings - whether a bent sheet, a bump on the ground, or a slight deviation of a physical phenomenon from a regularity. -0,67

29) POOR SENSE OF PHYSICAL TIME (0,70)

1. When I sit and think about something, afterward I find it difficult to say how much time has passed: fifteen minutes or thirty. 0,70

30) NONCONFLICTUALITY AND NONAGGRESSIVENESS (0,62)

1. My slogans are: live and let live, do not strive for domination, and respect other people’s freedom. 0,69
2. I avoid conflicts. 0,63
3. I hate conflicts. 0,62
4. My main principle in life is “Live and let live.” 0,60
5. It is often psychologically easier for me to change my business interests than to change the people with whom I interact closely. 0,56
6. Those who lack a talent for creativity seek and find war in everything. 0,56
7. I almost always like it when the disputing sides reach the conclusion that both viewpoints have a right to exist. 0,55
8. In accordance with my psychology, the role of a peacemaker would suit me better than that of the attacking side. 0,55
9. If a person considers themselves to be someone, even mistakenly, that is their right, and it is impolite and harmful to persuade them otherwise. 0,54
10. Compared with the average human level, my character is more peaceful and yielding than stubbornly conflict-prone. 0,52
11. I am more interested in people who radiate: 1) Negative emotions 5) Bright emotions. 0,43
12. Above all else, I value comfort and tranquility. 0,35

13. An aggressive mood is often accompanied by pleasure for me. -0,46
14. If I am waiting for someone to finish something and they are in no hurry, I can hardly restrain myself from hurting them, at least verbally. -0,49
15. In many cases I like thinking about my enemies. -0,51
16. I like observing people while provoking them to anger. -0,51
17. I like introducing elements of scandal into a discussion. -0,53
18. In an argument I continue to stand my ground simply on principle, even if I see that I am wrong, and I never compromise. -0,53
19. I like hurting certain people - sometimes I like bringing them to distress and even to tears. -0,54
20. I do not miss an opportunity to cruelly ridicule a weak side of a person I dislike. -0,55
21. My aggressive pressure is stronger the better my affairs are going. -0,63
22. Enemies exist and should always exist, in almost any situation and any company. -0,64
23. I feel pleasure when I see an enemy suffering. -0,65
24. I sometimes like bringing a person to despondency. -0,65

31) NOT ARROGANT OR NARCISSISTIC, DOES NOT PLACE SELF ABOVE OTHERS, DOES NOT DEMEAN OTHERS FOR THIS PURPOSE (0,61)

1. Considers himself or herself an ordinary person - with the same rights as others. 0,64
2. Every person deserves respect regardless of their status. 0,63
3. I maintain an unchanged peaceful mood and inner calm even when interacting with fools. 0,53
4. I recognize and respect the intrinsic value of every person. 0,51
5. On average, I always treat others with the same respect and goodwill that I would like to see directed toward me. 0,43
6. Sincere respect for “little” people is characteristic of me. 0,31

7. Sometimes, without reason, I may refuse or even mock a person if they ask me to lend them something for a few minutes. -0,37
8. Sometimes I intentionally spoil another person’s mood - so that they suffer and know their place. -0,54
9. It is possible that I really am slightly “obsessed” with my superiority or with being unique in some respect. -0,60
10. I like feeling that others are beneath me. -0,61
11. If there is an opportunity to make others understand my superiority, I will not fail to do so. -0,63
12. If I see an obvious weakling, I often, quite automatically, immediately feel like putting them down somehow, “kicking” them, ridiculing them, and so on. -0,64
13. Victory in a game is pleasant because it humiliates the opponent. -0,65
14. I like looking at people “from above downward.” -0,70

32) VASODILATION (BLUSHING OF THE CHEEKS) (0,64)

1. I blush easily from agitation or embarrassment. 0,59
2. I am told that my face sometimes reddens, revealing my excited state. 0,38
3. Because of shyness during interaction, my face sometimes becomes covered with red blotches. 0,32
4. When irritated, my face sometimes reddens. 0,28

5. I turn pale from anger rather than red. -0,13
6. It is true that I never have such rushes of blood to my face that the skin becomes hot and pink from excitement. -0,65
7. It is true that I never have a blush on my cheeks at ordinary air temperature. -0,70

33) REDUCED LIBIDO (0,66)

1. It happens far too often that I want to become sexually aroused and the circumstances are suitable - but I cannot, it simply does not work physically. 0,66
2. What I lack are simple animal instincts and drives; because of this I am often bored, do not know what to occupy myself with, or what goal to set. 0,62

3. My sexual desire is very easily aroused. -0,45
4. In sexual matters, I find it difficult to restrain my desires and postpone them until later. -0,46
5. I become sexually aroused easily. -0,46
6. I am a person with strong sexuality unburdened by doubts. -0,58
7. I have strong orgasms. -0,70

34) AWARENESS OF ONE’S OWN INFANTILISM (0,82)

1. Sometimes, when interacting with people, it seems to me that I am a child in the role and mask of an adult and that I may be exposed at any moment. 0,66

2. In childhood, all sexual characteristics typical of an adult formed noticeably earlier in me than in my peers. -0,73

35) ABSENT-MINDEDNESS (0,69)

1. My gaze often freezes on some object but does not examine it, instead being directed “through it” into the distance. 0,69
2. Sometimes, for brief moments, I lose contact with reality and cease to feel what is happening, although at that time I am not thinking about anything unrelated. 0,68
3. Sometimes I become so concentrated on my thoughts that I wander somewhere in absent-mindedness. 0,68
4. I have noticed that I continue searching with my eyes for some object even though I have already found and used a perfectly suitable substitute for it. 0,63
5. “Instead of a hat, while walking he put a frying pan on his head” - that is about me. 0,62
6. Sometimes I become so lost in thought about something that I wander somewhere other than where I was going. 0,62

36) MISCELLANEOUS (0,91)

1. I like films and books about distant journeys. 0,77
2. My breathing is usually infrequent and shallow, superficial, and irregular. 0,75
3. I sometimes have “night blindness” - I see poorly at dusk. 0,75
4. I have a habit of turning something in my fingers during a conversation. 0,70

5. If the skin of the hand is lightly scratched with something, a pink stripe immediately appears at the site of the scratch (but not a white stripe) - check this. -0,61
6. In audio equipment, a good stereo effect is more important to me than purity of sound. -0,64
7. With my eyes closed, I can visually imagine “on request”, in detail and with particulars, any object familiar to me. -0,66
8. After eating something with a spoon, I throw it into the sink. Even if I ate peas and immediately afterward eat potatoes, I will still take a new, washed spoon. -0,68
9. With the teeth on which side of your mouth do you more often chew food? If the right, give yourself a “1”. If the left, give yourself a “5”. If equally and without a noticeable difference, give yourself a “3”. -0,69
10. A person’s external appearance (that of my male or female companion) is more important to me than their inner “soulfulness.” -0,72
11. I have a habit of consuming many protein-rich foods - milk, cheese, cottage cheese, eggs, meat, and so on; a diet of potatoes, vegetables, pasta, bread, and various fruits would clearly be insufficient for me, and I would not last even a couple of weeks on it. -0,72
12. I have thick hair, and I have not had and do not have problems with hair loss. -0,73

MOTOR TESTS OF RIGHT-HEMISPHERE CORTICAL DOMINANCE

(after the test clusters and individual questions, the correlation of their type profiles with the integral profile of weakening of the left neocortex, according to data from aphasias and agraphias, is indicated)

41 LEFT-HANDEDNESS (0,32)

1. I more often hold a drawing brush in my left hand. 0,36
2. I more often automatically catch a thrown object with my left hand. 0,31
3. I often automatically take a pencil, hairpin, or notebook extended to me with my left hand. 0,23
4. I am left-handed or was left-handed for some time in childhood. 0,21
5. With my left hand I can draw a circle or square as neatly as with my right hand, or even better (check this). 0,13
6. I usually open a door with my left hand. 0,10
7. It is more convenient for me to deal cards from a deck to players with my left hand rather than my right (recall or check this). 0,09
8. I use my left hand almost as well as my right (or even better). -0,11

9. When drawing, I practically always hold a brush or crayon in my right hand. -0,05
10. With my right hand I throw objects into the distance much farther and more accurately than with my left. -0,13
11. I almost always stir water in a saucepan with my right hand. -0,18
12. In which hand do you more often experience tremor (uncontrolled trembling of the fingers)? If in the right, give yourself a “1”. If in the left, give yourself a “5”. If equally (it occurs equally often or equally does not occur), give yourself a “3”. -0,34
13. Compare your right and left palms. If there are more varied small fold-lines (palmar patterns) on the right palm, give yourself a “5”. If on the left, give yourself a “1”. If there is unquestionably no difference, give yourself a “3”. -0,35
14. I always automatically catch a thrown object with my right hand. -0,35

42 LEFT-FOOTEDNESS (0,13)

1. My right leg is noticeably weaker than my left (and it has not sustained any particular injuries). Give yourself a “5” if the right leg is clearly weaker, “1” if the left leg is clearly weaker, and “3” if their strength and endurance are practically the same. 0,46
2. I kick a ball more accurately and skillfully with my left foot rather than my right. 0,19
3. If I need to kick or move some object with a foot, my first impulse is to do it with my left foot (recall or check this). 0,14

4. Stand at a line marked on the floor (the toes of both feet level) and take a step forward with the right foot. Then return to the starting position and take a step forward from the same place with the left foot. Each time, mark or precisely remember where the heel of the stepping foot ended up. Which leg’s step was longer? If the right, enter the number “1”. If the left, enter the number “5”. 0,04
5. When I jump for distance or height, I almost always push off with my left leg. -0,45
6. Move away from the table and sit comfortably. Cross one leg over the other. Which leg ended up on top? If the left, enter the number “1”. If the right, enter the number “5”. 0,17
7. When climbing onto a step or elevation, which leg do you place first? (check this) If the right, give yourself a “5”; if the left, give yourself a “1”. 0,03
8. Lean your body forward and begin to fall - check which leg you quickly and automatically put forward so as not to fall at the last moment. Checked? If the right, give yourself a “5”. If the left, give yourself a “1”. 0,02
9. It is much more convenient for me to kick a ball with my right foot than with my left. -0,09
10. Jump beside a chair. From which foot is it more convenient for you to jump onto the chair? If the right leg first “wants” to step onto it, give yourself a “5”; if the left, give yourself a “1”. -0,31

43 LEFT-EYEDNESS (DOMINANCE OF THE RIGHT-HEMISPHERE MOTOR VISUAL CENTER, LEADING LEFT EYE) (0,32)

1. It is more convenient for me to aim or look through the eyepiece of a microscope or telescope with my left eye (rather than my right). 0,24
2. Wink with one eye. Which eye did you blink? If the left, enter the number 5. If the right, enter the number 1. 0,18

3. While looking toward a light bulb with both eyes simultaneously, extend a finger in front of you so that it covers the light bulb - now check which eye is dominant. If, after closing the left eye, the light bulb disappears completely (whereas after closing the right eye you see the finger displaced to the side of the light bulb), then your dominant eye is the right. If the opposite is true, that is, the light bulb disappears completely behind the finger after closing the right eye, then your dominant eye is the left. If the dominant eye proved to be the right, enter the number 5 in the cell. If the dominant eye proved to be the left, enter the number 1 in the cell. 0,18
4. If I look in a mirror, my left eye appears somewhat more widely open than my right (that is, the eyelid above the left eye “sits” slightly higher). (5 - if so, 3 - if the same, 1 - if, conversely, the right eye is more widely open). -0,16
5. I bring a telescope or sight to my right eye rather than my left. -0,23

44 ASYMMETRY - RIGHT-HEMISPHERE OCCIPITAL VISUAL CENTER STRONGER THAN THE LEFT-HEMISPHERE CENTER (DOMINANCE OF THE LEFT VISUAL HEMIFIELD) (0,37)

1. When I look at some object or at the center of a book page, the right half of the visual field (to the right of the point of gaze fixation) appears less clear and less distinct than the left (check this). (“5” if yes, “1” if the opposite, “3” if there is no difference). 0,34

2. When I look at some object or at the middle of a book page, the left half of the visual field (to the left of the point of gaze fixation) appears less clear and less distinct than the right (check this). (“5” if yes, “1” if the opposite, “3” if there is no difference). -0,36

45 LEFT-EAREDNESS - THE LEFT EAR IS LEADING IN PERCEPTION (DOMINANCE OF THE RIGHT-HEMISPHERE AUDITORY CENTER) (0,56)

NO:

1. If your right ear consistently hears clearly better than your left, give yourself a 5 (much better) or 4 (slight advantage). If the opposite is true, that is, the left ear hears better, give yourself a 1 (much better) or 2. If both ears hear practically equally and you usually do not notice a difference, give yourself a 3. -0,08
2. Switch off all sources of sound in the room. Go up to a wall and put your ear to it, as if intending to listen to what people are saying behind it. First perform this task without reading any further! First perform this task without reading any further! Done? If it is more convenient for you to put your right ear to the wall and listen, enter the number “5”; if the left, enter the number “1”. -0,49
3. When I listen to music on a pocket player, I usually put the earphone in my right ear. -0,49

46 TEST “DIRECTION OF DRAWING A CIRCLE WITH THE RIGHT HAND” - DRAWING THE CIRCLE COUNTERCLOCKWISE RATHER THAN CLOCKWISE (0,43)

1. Draw a circle on a sheet of paper with your right hand. If you drew it clockwise, give yourself a “1”. If you drew it with a counterclockwise hand movement, give yourself a “5”. 0,26
2. I more often stir water in a saucepan counterclockwise. 0,24

3. It is more convenient for me to draw a circle on a sheet of paper with my right hand clockwise (rather than counterclockwise) - check this. -0,41

47 TEST “INTERLOCKING FINGERS” - THUMB OF THE LEFT HAND ON TOP (0,27)

NO:

1. Interlock the fingers of your hands - check which hand’s thumb ended up on top. If the right, enter the number “5”; if the left, enter the number “1”. -0,27

48 TEST “APPLAUSE” - THE LEFT PALM STRIKES FROM ABOVE (0,46)

1. Clap your hands as if applauding. Which palm strikes the other from above? If the left, enter the number “1”; if the right, enter the number “5”. 0,46

© V. L. Talanov 2020

Reproduction of the material is permitted provided that the author is credited and a hyperlink to this original source is included.

Preprint dated August 29, 2020.