WHICH SOCIOTYPES EXHIBIT SYMPTOMS OF CHOLINERGIC DEFICIT?

CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY DEFICIT – A) symptoms of myasthenia (muscle weakness) - list of questionnaire items for measuring the property profile:

Symptoms of myasthenia - acetylcholine activity deficit
(averaging the profiles of 9 questionnaire items in total based on data from 16200 respondents)

1. I have weakness and rapid fatigability in the muscles of my neck.
2. After eating, I often experience a dull, diffuse pain in the left hypochondrium or left side, sometimes extending to the central part of the abdomen beneath the sternum.
3. I often (or at least sometimes) have difficulty swallowing or chewing solid food - it feels as though the chewing muscles have become weak and do not want to work.
4. If I squat several times in a row, I sometimes begin to see double.
5. I often find it difficult to climb stairs - not because of my heart and not because of shortness of breath, but specifically because my muscles tire quickly.
6. I periodically have internal muscular pain in my arms or legs that is in no way associated with blows, sprains, or injuries - that is, without preceding causes.
7. At least once a week or even more often, I experience soreness in my muscles or bones.
8. As a child, I walked poorly and tired quickly.
9. My eyelids tire quickly; they usually seem tiredly or lazily lowered and sit low, so that my eyes even appear narrowed - this becomes especially noticeable toward evening (in the morning, as a rule, less so).

CHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY DEFICIT - B) Symptoms of insufficient hydration of the mucous membranes - list of questionnaire items for measuring the property profile:

Symptoms of insufficient hydration of the mucous membranes - acetylcholine activity deficit
(averaging the profiles of 3 questionnaire items in total based on data from 6140 respondents)

1. Even when I have neither tonsillitis nor a cold, I experience (once a week or more often) unpleasant sensations in my throat - a feeling of “dryness,” “roughness,” or as though there were “some kind of wall in the esophagus,” so that at times it is physically difficult to swallow.
2. I often have a dry mouth or a cough (apparently caused simply by dryness in the throat and bronchi, that is, outside of illness).

3. As a rule, all the mucous membranes of my body are well hydrated; I usually have no problems with their dryness.

Conclusion (from examining the attached images with profiles): the activity of central acetylcholine is one of the most important factors underlying the Intuition-Sensing balance (not the only one - there are also powerful serotonergic and powerful dopaminergic influences).

At the same time, variation in cholinergic activity is evidently possible for a variety of reasons determined by different genes.

First, there is the rate of acetylcholine deactivation in neuronal synapses, which depends on the amount and activity of the acetylcholine-degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Incidentally, the action of most modern nerve agents - from dichlorvos to sarin, “Novichok,” and VX gas - is aimed at an unlimited increase in the concentration of acetylcholine in synapses precisely through irreversible inhibition of this enzyme. Blocking AChE with “mild” (reversible) AChE blockers temporarily turns any intuitive type into a sensing type. Under normal conditions, the activity of this enzyme also differs among individuals, which is determined by different gene variants.

Second, total cholinergic activity is affected by the rate of acetylcholine production in neurons, which also depends on many genes. Deficiencies in this production are also closely associated with defects in the organization of the insulating myelin sheath of neurons, which normally prevents electrical impulses passing through neurons from “spreading” to neighboring neurons (acetylcholine synthesis in neurons and synthesis of the myelin sheath have common biochemical links). Defects of the myelin sheath – one of the causes of hallucinations and uncontrolled associations (not the only one).

Third, there is the sensitivity of neuronal receptors to acetylcholine, as well as the number of these receptors, which likewise depends on many gene variants in humans.

Thus, the final level of cholinergic activity in humans depends on hundreds of different genes. Since, as we can see from the tables in the figures, it strongly affects the Intuition-Sensing balance, it would be very naive to suppose that the Intuition-Sensing trait is quantized in humans into only two extreme stable states, instead of being distributed throughout the population as a continuous Gaussian distribution (as is in fact the case). Most people, moreover, fall precisely within the ambivert zone of this continuous distribution, the zone of equal balance between Intuition and Sensing.

And since the basic Jungian traits are not quantized in magnitude, psychotypes cannot be quantized either, and between the 16 conventionally distinguished points in multidimensional psychological space (which we call the standard sociotypes), there will always be many intermediate cases. Adherents of unscientific “Michurinist” socionics, who believe in the supposedly absolute infallibility of Model A in all situations and, in their simplicity, are religiously convinced that people are strictly divided into 16 types without any intermediate or mixed cases whatsoever, remain unable to understand this to this day. Any faith – it is always like that, it is always irrational, it is always deaf to any facts and arguments.

RETURNING TO THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILES OF HIGH ACETYLCHOLINE.

Next in line is another of its markers - STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL NATURAL ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY

But first, we will describe two very recent scientific studies directly concerning this marker:

1) A LINK HAS BEEN FOUND BETWEEN IMMUNITY AND BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINE

Strength of individual natural antiviral immunity
(averaging the profiles of 6 questionnaire items based on responses from a total of 4375 respondents)

“Acetylcholine — a well-known neurotransmitter that controls learning and memory. Surprisingly, during an infection, T cells of the immune system synthesize the very same acetylcholine. But for what purpose?

Researchers at the University of Toronto found that it is precisely thanks to acetylcholine that T cells acquire the ability to leave the bloodstream and enter the body’s tissues directly, where they then kill virus-infected cells.

The discovery was made when the laboratory team genetically engineered a mouse that lacked the ability to produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in T cells and found that the immune cells could no longer control chronic viral infections.

According to the scientists, an absolute genetic explanation has been found for why immune cells need acetylcholine. This provides an entirely new perspective on the treatment of diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases.

As for cancer, a tumor is often surrounded by immune cells, but they are unable to break through its protective mechanisms. Possibly because the immune cells lack acetylcholine. In this case, strategies for increasing production of the neurotransmitter may be useful.

In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, by contrast, autoimmune T cells attack the body’s own tissues. In this case, therapeutically reducing their production of acetylcholine could thin the ranks of immune cells invading the joints or the central nervous system.”

med.vesti.ru/novosti/is… (12.02.2019 )

THUS, IMMUNITY IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE ABILITY OF CELLS TO PRODUCE ACETYLCHOLINE WITHIN THEMSELVES (AND WHICH CELLS THESE ARE, IMMUNE T CELLS OR NEURONS, IS IN PRINCIPLE ENTIRELY UNIMPORTANT, SINCE THE MECHANISMS OF ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS IN THEM ARE THE SAME, AND GENETIC FAILURES IN THESE MECHANISMS ARE ALSO THE SAME)

2) “STRENGTH OF IMMUNITY” IS PASSED ON TO US FROM OUR PARENTS

Absence of symptoms of muscle weakness - marker of active acetylcholine
(averaging the profiles of 9 questionnaire items in total based on data from 16200 respondents)

“Scientists have long known that the body builds its immune system using antibodies that enter the fight when we are exposed to various viruses and other pathogenic microorganisms. However, until now it had not been known what the effectiveness of such protection depends on. But convincing evidence has now emerged that genetic factors play the key role in how effectively our body builds and uses antibodies.

Researchers from the Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, and the University of Queensland analyzed blood samples from 1835 identical twins and thousands of their brothers and sisters born from a different zygote.

The team of scientists studied the body’s immune response to six common human viruses, including the herpes virus, parvovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Coxsackievirus. The specialists were surprised to see that the “strength of the immune system” depends little on environmental factors and is mainly controlled by genes passed down from the father or mother. These genes determine whether you have an intense or weak immune response during a viral infection.

According to the researchers, demonstrating that the antibody response is heritable is the first step toward identifying individual genes that affect the immune response. Accordingly, the next step will be to determine the specific genes involved in setting the strength of the immune response.

If scientists can find these genes, they will also be able to create “super-protectors” for the development of next-generation vaccines. The researchers also intend to identify the genes responsible for the development of autoimmune diseases.”

med.vesti.ru/novosti/is… (10.01.2019 )

Thus, immunity is also strongly inherited, and, evidently, the genetic inheritance of the “quality” of acetylcholine production by the body’s cells plays a very important, if not the principal, role here.

Now let us look at how the strength of immunity is assessed in socionics questionnaires and what socionics profile it consequently has:

STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL NATURAL ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY (list of questionnaire items for assessing the property)

High hydration of the mucous membranes - marker of active acetylcholine
(averaging the profiles of 3 questionnaire items in total based on data from 6140 respondents)

Average of three markers of high acetylcholine (high antiviral immunity, absence of muscle weakness, hydration of the mucous membranes)

1. My immune system is fine.

2. I often catch colds - my immunity against cold viruses is clearly reduced (meaning various acute respiratory infections with a runny nose or “itching” in the nose and pharynx).
3. Various viral respiratory diseases with itching in the nasopharynx and a runny nose “latch onto” me easily and have a rather severe course.
4. During the autumn-spring period, when there are many sick people in the streets, I very easily “catch” a cold or influenza.
5. If I contract influenza, I am always ill severely and for a long time, often with complications.
6. I rather easily and frequently “catch” various infections - perhaps my immunity is weakened.

Earlier, we already considered two characteristic markers of high acetylcholine production by cells (or other mechanisms for increasing its concentration, such as differing activity of the deactivating enzyme AChE), namely muscle strength (absence of muscle weakness and rapid muscle fatigability) and the degree of hydration of the body’s mucous membranes (it is high when acetylcholine is high). We then found that both of these properties are closely associated with Sensing, both black and white (almost equally). That is, in all sensing types, brain acetylcholine is active, whereas in all intuitive types the opposite is true.

For our third and just-considered marker of high acetylcholine, namely STRENGTH OF IMMUNITY, WE OBTAIN THE VERY SAME RESULT IN ITS PROFILES! Namely, the higher the immunity, the more strongly expressed the person’s Sensing pole.

Thus, it can now be asserted with very high confidence: acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter whose activity in the CNS separates sensing types from intuitive types. But exactly what kind of intuitive or sensing type results, “white” or “black,” is determined by other neurotransmitters and neurohormones (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, oxytocin, vasopressin, etc.)

However, acetylcholine is not entirely indifferent to the color of the functions. As can be seen from the attached images, a high level of acetylcholine favors black, extraverted functions (although with a very small advantage). But then, it is traditionally classified among excitatory neurotransmitters.

Intercorrelations of the type profiles of three markers of high acetylcholine activity and their mean