All Types of Empathy - Summary Data

Twenty scales and clusters of empathy, reflecting all its diverse aspects, were analyzed from the point of view of socionic profiles.
As a result, it was shown that cognitive empathy (see scales 15-18 and their tables) is identical in its pure form to socionic ethics. Affective empathy is much more diverse in its clusters, but they all include strong ethics, prudence, positivism and compliance. Empathy-fantasy, considered as a peculiar cluster of affective empathy, differs from its other clusters by a large contribution of intuition. Only in this cluster do Beta ethicists score very high, while in other clusters of affective empathy, the leading types are mainly EII, ESE, SEI, and for some clusters - even ILE and LIE (although the peaks of the last two do not dominate simultaneously in any cluster).

Here is a complete list of the empathy scales discussed below:

IRI questionnaire (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Empathic Concern (EC) - (sympathy for other people’s misfortunes, pain, experiences)

IRI questionnaire (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Fantasy Scale (FS) - (empathic imagination, empathy for fictional characters, emotional involvement in the action when viewing or reading works of art)

IRI questionnaire (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Personal Distress (PD) - (excitement/distress about surrounding events, high emotional reactivity in stressful conditions)

IRI questionnaire (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - Perspective Taking (PT) - (ability to put oneself in another’s shoes and view things from their perspective)

IRI questionnaire (Interpersonal Reactivity Index) - sum of all four subscales

Scale 6. BES questionnaire (“basic empathy scales”) - affective empathy (contagiousness of others’ mood and emotions)

Scale 7. Empathy-sympathy - LARGE SCALE (V. Talanov)

Scale 8. Affective, emotional empathy for negative feelings – contagiousness of negative mood (V. Talanov)

Scale 9. Affective, emotional empathy for positive feelings – contagiousness of positive mood (V. Talanov)

Scale 10. Affective empathy for anger and emotional aggression from others (correlated with affective empathy for anxiety and other negative emotions of discontent, forming a single complex with them) (V. Talanov)

Scale 11. Affective empathy, cluster of caring for one’s own at the expense of justice (associated with increased oxytocin) (V. Talanov)

Scale 12. Affective empathy, cluster of care, help, support and protection in relation to people (V. Talanov)

Scale 13. Affective empathy, cluster of personal distress - feeling of anxiety or distress at the sight of physical or emotional harm to others (V. Talanov)

Scale 14. Affective empathy - empathy-fantasy cluster (part of empathy-sympathy, dependent on the ability to imagine) (V. Talanov)

BES questionnaire (“basic empathy scales”) - cognitive empathy (effective recognition of others’s mood and emotions, interest in their manifestation and causes, interest in observing them)

Scale 16. Cognitive empathy - extended scale (V. Talanov) (recognition of someone else’s mood and emotions, interest in their manifestation and causes, interest in their observation)

Scale 17. Cognitive empathy for positive emotions (V. Talanov)

Scale 18. Cognitive empathy for negative emotions (V. Talanov)

Scale 19. MOTOR EMPATHY (unconscious mirroring of others’ movements, associated with the development of the brain’s mirror neuron network) (V. Talanov)

Scale 20. Questions closely correlated with motor empathy, and as a result also indicating the simultaneous high development of the cluster of affective empathy, responsible for refraining from actions that cause pain and unpleasant sensations to others. (V. Talanov)

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Scale 7. Empathy–Compassion — LARGE SCALE (V. Talanov)

1. I easily feel compassion toward people; even the problems of a stranger are often perceived almost as my own. 0.96
2. I am inclined to help and show compassion to anyone nearby who needs it. 0.96
3. I easily catch others’ moods and tend to get absorbed in other people’s переживания. 0.93
4. I am easily moved, with pity readily awakened. 0.92
5. When I see someone who urgently needs help in an emergency situation, I am simply torn apart by worry. 0.92
6. When I feel another person’s pain and fear nearby, any logical arguments immediately recede and become unimportant. 0.91
7. I usually feel another person’s experiences as my own. 0.91
8. I often act guided by a feeling of pity. 0.90
9. If I have talked with a friend who is sad about something, afterward I myself feel sadness as well. 0.90
10. I often immerse myself in the feelings of my friends. 0.90
11. I perceive others’ pain with suffering. 0.89
12. If I closely encounter homeless children belonging to others, their fate worries me almost as much as the fate of my own. 0.88
13. A change in the mood of a close person immediately changes my mood as well. 0.88
14. I often try to enliven and please close people with a timely spoken warm word. 0.87
15. I myself usually become frightened if I see that friends who are near me are frightened. 0.87
16. I like humanistic melodrama films. 0.85
17. If someone has suffered a misfortune, I immediately feel an emotional response in my soul to this difficult event, even if I am not acquainted with this person. 0.85
18. I often sacrifice my time or convenience to provide another person with an irrevocable service. 0.85
19. I often experience a feeling of involvement and care toward people who are less fortunate than I am. 0.84
20. Images depicting disasters and injured people evoke strong feelings in me. 0.84
21. I am easily influenced by the feelings that those around me are experiencing. 0.83
22. I easily put myself in other people’s place, entering into their situation. 0.83
23. I am better than others at loving, giving selflessly. 0.82
24. I almost always take into account the requests and interests of people I know little. 0.82
25. Before criticizing someone, I try to imagine how I would feel if I were in their place. 0.81
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26. If I see people crying, this usually does not cause my own sadness in any way. -0.97
27. I do not like empathizing with others—let them worry about themselves. -0.96
28. The misfortunes of my friends will not make me feel anything special. -0.96
29. The emotions of my friends do not affect me very strongly. -0.96
30. The feelings of other people in most cases touch me little and do not worry me. -0.95
31. Other people’s grievances generally seem foolish to me and only irritate me. -0.92
32. When it seems that someone is seeking sympathy from me, my first reaction is to respond with a light tease, or to give sympathy mixed with teasing. -0.91
33. Other people’s emotions touch me only in the case of people who are especially close to me. -0.90
34. In my character there is probably more indifference and unperturbed not-giving-a-damn than in others. -0.90
35. People are unlikely to be able to count on any noticeable sympathy from me—I look down on them, and I do not really care about them. -0.90
36. Other people’s misfortunes usually do not disturb me. -0.89
37. Listening to an interlocutor is usually uninteresting to me. -0.88
38. Other people’s opinions almost do not interest me. -0.88
39. At times in company I am accused of indifference and God knows what else, while I simply believe that nobody owes anyone anything. -0.87
40. The rights and feelings of other people touch me little. -0.87
41. I am usually insensitive to the moods of those around me. -0.87
42. I depend little on others’ states and often remain calm even if everyone around is worried. -0.86
43. I have little insight into other people’s experiences. -0.85
44. I am able to endure others’ tears with composure. -0.85
45. When I see that someone is being hurt, I more often remain calm. -0.85
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    (the scale of 63 questions is shown in abbreviated form; only the first 25 questions of the positive part and the first 20 questions of the negative part of the scale are shown)

Scale 8. Affective, emotional empathy for negative feelings – contagion of negative mood (V. Talanov)

1. If a close person cries, tears come to my own eyes as well. 0.93
2. I myself usually become frightened if I see that friends who are near me are frightened. 0.90
3. I almost always feel the pain of a close, dear person as my own. 0.87
4. I experience a feeling of genuine suffering if my home team loses or if a close person comes back dejected after failing an exam. 0.85
5. Watching certain scenes from films is quite capable of “knocking” a tear out of me. 0.84
6. Others’ fear is easily transmitted to me. 0.84
7. I experience anxious agitation and become very upset if I see animals suffering. 0.84
8. I easily “catch” others’ anxiety. 0.81
9. It is unpleasant for me to watch another person grimace in pain—I immediately begin to feel something similar to his torment myself. 0.81
10. I usually treat the illness of a well-known person almost as my own illness, and therefore usually cannot refrain from offering sympathetic advice. 0.78
11. A nearby person with a sad, dejected face usually spoils my mood as well. 0.77
12. If I see that a close person has fallen ill or feels unwell (and I almost always notice this immediately), I almost certainly approach him with an offer of my care and with advice on treatment—proceeding from how I would act with regard to my own health. 0.62
13. I am afraid of the sight and sound of others’ physical suffering. 0.61
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14. When it seems that someone is seeking sympathy from me, my first reaction is to respond with a light tease, or to give sympathy mixed with teasing. -0.93
15. I do not like empathizing with others—let them worry about themselves. -0.88
16. I am not very susceptible to others’ pain or fear; therefore I could quite well work as a dentist or surgeon. -0.88
17. An interlocutor’s anger usually does not touch me and does not change my mood. -0.87
18. I am able to treat people mercilessly. -0.87
19. If I see people crying, this usually does not cause my own sadness in any way. -0.85
20. It is simply easy for me to refuse a person. -0.85
21. The misfortunes of my friends will not make me feel anything special. -0.80
22. The misfortunes of my friends do not make me feel anything special. -0.79
23. I find it interesting and amusing to watch how needles are stuck into the body of a person under hypnosis or how people stand on his stomach, and he does not feel pain. -0.74
24. Sometimes I do not particularly pity other people when they have problems. -0.57

Scale 9. Affective, emotional empathy for positive feelings – contagion of positive mood (V. Talanov)

1. It is difficult for me to maintain composure when everyone is rejoicing about something—as a rule, I automatically rejoice together with them. 0.95
2. Other people’s laughter is almost always contagious for me. 0.94
3. In close communication I easily catch others’ elevated mood. 0.93
4. I almost always involuntarily produce a responsive smile if I communicate with a person who is in a very good, elevated mood. 0.89
5. My mood rises when I am passed a warm, sincere greeting from someone. 0.89
6. I always experience a strong feeling of joy and inspiration at the successes of a close, dear person. 0.89
7. I often sincerely and contagiously laugh at a heard joke. 0.82
8. In my life there have been instances of “eyes moist” solely because of my joy for others. 0.81
9. I like cheerful company and know how to lift my mood there and have a lot of fun together with others. 0.75
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10. The joy of my friends is their personal joy; as a rule it does not touch me and cannot “infect” me. -0.95
11. In response to some personal success and joy of a close person, I may politely say that I am also glad, but inside I usually remain calmly unperturbed. -0.90
12. It is difficult for me to “feel through” other people’s joy. -0.90
13. I often influence another person in order to “cool down” his mood, make it more sober and less euphoric, less self-confident. -0.89
14. It is very difficult to surprise me with anything. -0.83
15. Attempts to help me are usually perceived by me as an unwanted intrusion into my working environment. -0.81

Scale 10. Affective empathy toward anger and emotional aggression from others (correlated with affective empathy toward anxiety and other negative emotions of others’ dissatisfaction, forming with them a single complex)

1. If some unpleasant “setback” occurs in my affairs, I usually react with intense emotion; I need a considerable amount of time to calm down and move on to calm, constructive actions. 0.86
2. Divorce for me (meaning divorce after marriage) is something extremely unpleasant, painful, and frightening. 0.83
3. If an interlocutor gets angry, I myself automatically begin to get angry as well. 0.73
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4. I depend little on others’ states and often remain calm even if everyone around is agitated. -0.93
5. An interlocutor’s anger usually does not affect me and does not change my mood. -0.93
6. Other people’s opinions almost do not interest me. -0.93
7. As a rule, I am absolutely indifferent to any attempts at moralizing from others; they neither warm me nor chill me. -0.91
8. I am indifferent to remarks and criticism addressed to me—they rarely affect me seriously and in any case do not excite me and stimulate me little. -0.86
9. I am indifferent to what is said about me—it is far more important to me what I myself think of myself. -0.86
10. I am indifferent to what those around me think about me and my behavior. -0.83
11. Other people’s grievances generally seem foolish to me and only irritate me. -0.83

Scale 11. Affective empathy, cluster of care for one’s own at the expense of justice (associated with elevated oxytocin)

1. If I am handing out treats to children who have come to a celebration, I will try to give my own child the best piece. 0.93
2. To infringe in some way on the classmates of my child in order to advance my own child is not a sin but a good deed. 0.86
3. I would easily sacrifice the interests of outsiders for the sake of my family’s interests. 0.86
4. I always pity acquaintances more than those I know little; equal justice for all is impossible for me here. 0.82
5. For the sake of one’s family, it is permissible to take something even from another family. 0.80
6. Kinship relations are more important than any abstract justice. 0.62
7. The interests of relatives rank in importance for me immediately after my personal interests, while the interests of various truths and ideas come only in third place. 0.55
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8. I treat all people—both acquaintances and those I know little—equally, without any privileges, proceeding solely from the principle of equality of their rights. -0.51

Scale 12. Affective empathy, cluster of care, help, support, and protection in relation to people

1. I have always been responsive to requests. 0.95
2. I am very altruistic and almost always ready to help those who need help. 0.95
3. I like doing good and pleasant things for people, even if it slightly comes at the expense of my time. 0.94
4. I take pleasure in showing care toward other people. 0.92
5. I like helping people; I always derive pleasure from it. 0.88
6. I genuinely worry about other people. 0.88
7. I have always been characterized by goodwill toward complete strangers and readiness to forgive offenses from those close to me. 0.87
8. If people turn to me, I almost always find it pleasant to provide assistance. 0.84
9. When I see that someone has been brazenly taken advantage of, I almost always experience something like a desire to protect that person. 0.79
10. If I go to the store for my own needs, I usually ask my close ones whether they need me to buy something small for them as well. 0.68
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11. In communication I am more inclined toward sharpness than toward support. -0.92
12. If my help is requested but it would distract me even slightly from my own affairs, I will try somehow to brush off the person asking. -0.75

Scale 13. Affective empathy, cluster of personal distress—the feeling of anxiety or calamity when witnessing physical or emotional harm to another person

1. I sympathize with those who are worse off than I am. 0.96
2. I sympathize with the homeless. 0.95
3. If someone in my presence is subjected to cruel or humiliating treatment, anger rises in my soul and my mood immediately worsens. 0.91
4. I worry about the misfortunes of other people. 0.86
5. I sometimes make small anonymous donations to charitable funds or to provide specific assistance to someone in need. 0.78
6. If I communicate with a person experiencing misfortune, I begin to feel anxiety and despondency almost as much as he does. 0.78
7. I sometimes begin to feel painfully helpless if I find myself among a group of people experiencing a shared calamity. 0.71
8. If in front of me a person of my sex and age slips and falls, I will certainly instinctively jerk to help him get up. 0.58
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9. It is better to humiliate another person first so as not to be humiliated oneself. -0.92
10. The anxiety and depression of some of my friends and close ones sometimes lift my own mood. -0.90
11. I like watching someone being picked on as a loser and failure. -0.84
12. The sincere grief of an interlocutor usually affects me little and does not change my mood, although verbally I may portray sympathy. -0.79

Scale 14. Affective empathy — fantasy-empathy cluster (the part of empathy–compassion dependent on imaginative capacity)

1. Recalling key moments of my past, each time I relive anew all the emotions that I experienced then. 0.94
2. Recalling some episode of my life, I immediately and automatically experience exactly the same emotional feeling that arose in me then. 0.92
3. My life is always emotionally colored and filled with dreams, expectations, and anxieties; every person and every event has for me its own special flavor and meaning. 0.91
4. I easily evoke vivid emotional memories within myself. 0.90
5. I am a lyricist and a romantic; my character is marked by sentimental sensitivity and vulnerability. 0.90
6. When rewatching a film, I almost always again and in full experience the same emotions that I had at the very first viewing. 0.89
7. My thoughts about the near future may be pleasant or unpleasant, but they are always filled with an automatically felt emotional flavor, significance, and meaning. 0.88
8. The plot of films often captivates me with anticipatory concern for the characters. 0.88
9. In my emotional experiences I often anticipate future feelings and often return to those already experienced. 0.88
10. Some emotional memories are almost constantly with me. 0.88
11. I often become sad when I watch sad things on television or in films. 0.87
12. I am easily moved, with pity readily awakened. 0.87
13. I myself become frightened to the point of startled flinching when I follow the events around the characters in a well-made horror film. 0.86
14. I am very sensitive to certain things, events, and phenomena. 0.85
15. I often become enchanted by and admire something. 0.83
16. After watching a play or film, I feel as though I had been one of its characters. 0.83
17. When I watch a good film, I can easily put myself in the place of the leading hero and find myself in the tension of the unfolding events together with him, almost on the other side of the screen. 0.78
18. When I watch a good film, I can very easily put myself in the place of the leading character. 0.75
19. Watching good films captivates me; throughout the film I empathize with the action across a wide range—from smiles and joy to a sense of grief and sometimes even tears. 0.75
20. When I read an interesting novella or novel, I imagine how I would feel if the events in the story were happening to me. 0.71
21. While reading a book, I begin to look at the events occurring and expected in it through the eyes of its hero. 0.50
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22. I almost never sympathize with film characters—after all, it is all make-believe. -0.96
23. I almost never empathize with the problems of film characters—after all, it is all make-believe. -0.93
24. All sorts of sensitivity and sentimentality are almost always whims unworthy of a serious person. -0.91
25. When I watch a film or play, I usually maintain the objectivity of an outside observer and rarely become fully involved in what is happening. -0.88
26. Other people’s emotions touch me only in the case of people who are especially close to me. -0.88
27. I am absolutely indifferent to any kind of music videos. -0.86
28. It is true that I do not like art; I am indifferent to it. -0.85
29. Easily and without any problem I can indifferently walk alone at night through a dark forest or a cemetery. -0.84
30. It rarely happens to me that I become extremely and completely absorbed in the plot and action of even a good book or film—I always feel a certain detachment, knowing every second that it is all make-believe. -0.83

Scale 16. Cognitive empathy — extended scale (V. Talanov) (recognition of others’ moods and emotions, interest in their manifestation and causes, interest in observing them)

1. I often understand how and what a person is feeling even before they tell me about it. 0.99
2. I am good at understanding the feelings and moods of the people around me. 0.99
3. I have a good grasp of relationships between people and am perceptive to intrigues and the machinations of ill-wishers. 0.99
4. I always notice if someone nearby’s mood has “drooped,” and I can usually easily understand what caused it and how it will develop further. 0.99
5. I am very good at sensing how people actually relate to me — it is difficult to deceive me in this. 0.98
6. I usually understand very quickly, even before any words are spoken, that an acquaintance is angry. 0.98
7. I always sense brief downturns and upswings in others’ moods by nuances in the interlocutors’ voices. 0.98
8. I easily catch subtle signals of sympathy. 0.98
9. I always quickly sense changes in an interlocutor’s mood. 0.98
10. I am good at sensing others’ intonations, gestures, and looks. 0.98
11. I notice even faint shades in people’s behavior. 0.98
12. Listening to my interlocutor, I “automatically” register and remember their emotional state and the overall meaning they intend, including the emotional message of their speech. 0.98
13. It is true that no change in the relationships of my acquaintances escapes my attention. 0.98
14. I always know who in a group sympathizes with me and who does not. 0.98
15. I easily catch anxiety or distress in another person’s voice. 0.97
16. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more negative and “cold,” minor, or dissatisfied mood in my partner or interlocutor. 0.97
17. I usually immediately see when my friends are afraid of something. 0.97
18. From another person’s face I instantly see that something is repulsive or unpleasant to them. 0.97
19. I easily and accurately recognize a state of happiness in my friend. 0.97
20. I often notice emotional nuances that others do not sense. 0.97
21. I quite often notice expressions of anxiety or fear on other people’s faces. 0.97
22. I often notice changes in the relationships of my acquaintances. 0.97
23. By another person’s behavior, facial expressions, and voice, I quickly recognize their mood. 0.96
24. I easily sense whether praise or flattery has affected a person and improved their mood. 0.96
25. I know how to ethically influence people without pressure, calmly and flexibly. 0.96
26. I understand people better than all my acquaintances. 0.96
27. I often pay attention to changes in the relationships of people I know. 0.96
28. I usually understand a person’s feelings better than their words. 0.96
29. From another person’s eyes and face I easily read their intentions. 0.96
30. I quickly notice anxiety in another person’s voice. 0.95
31. By the interlocutor’s voice I quickly notice when they begin to get nervous. 0.95
32. I quickly notice signs of dissatisfaction in a person’s behavior. 0.95
33. I always clearly sense the moment when a person stops being my enemy. 0.95
34. I always quickly sense if a person has become bored with talking to me and is eager to leave. 0.95
35. I always notice and remember who is acquainted with whom and what the closeness of their relationship is based on. 0.95
36. I am more attentive to the tone and intonation of speech than to its content. 0.95
37. I am good at catching even weak negative “emotional vibrations” from another person. 0.94
38. I usually see and understand what a person feels even before they say it. 0.94
39. I usually see when a person is in a cheerful mood. 0.94
40. I always automatically pay attention to any changes in the relationships of my acquaintances. 0.94
41. I am a very emotionally sensitive and benevolent person, subtly sensing nuances in relationships. 0.94
42. I usually anticipate others’ angry outbursts in advance. 0.94
43. I read people like an open book. 0.94
44. I understand people so well that sometimes it seems to me that I easily read their thoughts. 0.94
45. I notice and distinguish even the slightest “intonational nuances” in others’ speech very well. 0.93
46. I easily “read” and remember people’s facial expressions. 0.93
47. I easily read from another person’s face both the degree of their self-confidence and their mood, and sometimes even their intentions. 0.93
48. Communicating with people, I feel them well and easily foresee their further words and actions — on a subconscious level I sense others “like the back of my hand.” 0.93
49. Behind any episode and any phrase spoken by an interlocutor, I instantly sense and understand everything that lies behind it. 0.93
50. I am sensitive to others’ states and know how to smooth sharp edges in communication. 0.93
51. I easily notice expressions of fear or dissatisfaction on people’s faces. 0.93
52. In a group, I often observe people in order to determine their mood. 0.92
53. I usually immediately understand when my friend begins to get angry. 0.92
54. In books, I am interested not so much in the plot as in the relationships between people. 0.92
55. I am always aware of what my acquaintances and colleagues want and fear, and what relationships they are in with one another. 0.92
56. By subtle emotional nuances I instantly sense who is the leader in a new group. 0.92
57. It is easy for me to sense how people relate to each other; I quickly distinguish genuine feelings from contrived ones. 0.92
58. I often think through the course of intrigues within a group or among my acquaintances. 0.92
59. I always know who in a group is my friend and who is not. 0.91
60. I easily read from another person’s voice both the degree of their self-confidence and their mood, and sometimes even their intentions. 0.91
61. I easily sense hostile signals coming from other people. 0.91
62. I always, at some automatic level, sense what can be expected at any time from a particular person. 0.91
63. I perceptively see malicious or self-interested attitudes toward myself, even if they are concealed. 0.90
64. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more positive and “warm” mood in my partner or interlocutor. 0.90
65. I easily determine whether another person’s smile is sincere or deliberately “put on.” 0.90
66. I know how to choose the best moment to approach a person with a request. 0.90
67. I always notice subtle changes in an interlocutor’s speech rate, the placement of pauses and accelerations by which they emotionally emphasize individual words. 0.90
68. I easily notice someone’s malicious or self-interested attitude toward me, even if the person hides it. 0.90
69. If my acquaintance is upset or disappointed about something, I see it immediately. 0.90
70. It is true that I never make mistakes in using my feelings and outward expression of emotions — they are a very precise instrument for timely influence on the surrounding masses. 0.89
71. I almost constantly and extensively think about the people I interact with; I have an opinion about each of them. 0.89
72. I easily and quickly notice hostility directed at me in a person’s behavior. 0.89
73. I have a good sense of the required distances between people and know how to draw closer those I need and distance bad or useless acquaintances. 0.89
74. I immediately see whether my friend is sad or not, while myself remaining in my own mood. 0.89
75. If my close person is in a good mood, I see it instantly. 0.88
76. I always pay attention to who is acquainted with whom and what the closeness of relationships is based on. 0.88
77. I know how to “envelop with words” and penetrate straight into the soul of the people I need. 0.88
78. I know how to avoid troubles because I perceptively see people through and through. 0.88
79. I understand feelings and relationships and rules of behavior better than business logic. 0.87
80. I am excellent at understanding people’s abilities and intentions. 0.87
81. I am observant and have a good memory regarding others’ connections, relationships, and actions. 0.86
82. By my character, professions such as social worker, psychologist, educator, or veterinarian would suit me very well. 0.86
83. I am good at sensing and understanding the specific interests and motives that guide my various acquaintances and friends. 0.86
84. One can say the following about me at the same time: I can charm and win over almost anyone — another matter is that I rarely need this. 0.86
85. I usually quickly and immediately see when a person is being crafty. 0.86
86. My attention is always drawn to some unusual or strange relationships between people, even if I barely know them and their affairs do not concern me. 0.86
87. I always know who in a group is my enemy and who is not. 0.86
88. I think I have a talent for noticing details in different people’s behavior, understanding their motives, and building my own career based on this knowledge and on intrigue. 0.85
89. I am a master at catching another person’s “emotional vibrations.” 0.85
90. I usually sense in advance what the interlocutor wants to say — already by their facial expression and general disposition — and express my contemptuous “feh” in advance. 0.85
91. I like to take part in conversations about who loves or does not love whom, and how and why. 0.84
92. To influence interlocutors, I know how to flexibly “play” with the expression of my dissatisfaction, amplifying it or instantly removing it. 0.84
93. I usually feel another person’s experiences as if they were my own. 0.82
94. I know how to flexibly manipulate relationships with other people, decreasing or increasing distance according to the situation, as well as according to the “usefulness” of a business partner and their status in society. 0.78
95. I quickly see and understand what can interest a specific interlocutor. 0.72

96. I usually find it difficult to notice that my friends are afraid of something. -0.99
97. I am worse than others at recognizing people’s moods from their faces. -0.99
98. I have always had difficulties in knowing and understanding other people. -0.99
99. I have problems with quickly figuring out and understanding whether my friends are happy and in a good mood. -0.98
100. I am emotionally “near-sighted” and usually distinguish in others only very vivid and strong experiences. -0.98
101. I do not always understand when exactly people are upset or offended — when they are sobbing uncontrollably, that is clear. -0.98
102. I am usually not aware of the feelings of my close acquaintances. -0.98
103. I am poor at understanding other people’s attitudes toward me — in these matters I am generally inclined to seek advice. -0.97
104. I do not always understand what exactly an interlocutor took offense at during a conversation. -0.97
105. I often do not understand the mood and intonations of my interlocutor. -0.96
106. I am usually poorly informed about the feelings of my friends. -0.96
107. I usually doubt and am unsure about how much I control the situation of communication and how well I understand those around me, and whether I influence them correctly. -0.96
108. It is usually difficult for me to understand the mood in a group of people and to sense their attitude toward me if it is not explicitly expressed aloud. -0.96
109. I usually find it difficult to understand why one acquaintance of mine dislikes another acquaintance of mine. -0.96
110. It is difficult for me to read another person’s mood from their eyes and facial expressions. -0.96
111. It is true that I am worse than others at comforting with words. -0.96
112. I pay little attention to intonations in an interlocutor’s speech, but I grasp the semantic content of phrases instantly. -0.95
113. I have “large-block” emotions — the need to delve into emotional nuances and details quickly disperses my attention. -0.95
114. If an interlocutor’s mood changes during communication, it is usually difficult for me to understand where it came from. -0.95
115. Sometimes I misread a person’s facial expression. -0.94
116. To be honest, I am poor at understanding people’s feelings, so I am cautious in communication and try to keep my distance from people. -0.93
117. It is usually difficult for me to determine whether another person is truly frightened or only “pretending” to be afraid. -0.93
118. Regarding intrigues around me, I am usually blind, deaf, insensitive, and naïve. -0.93
119. It is difficult for me to guess whether my friends are happy. -0.93
120. The thoughts of other people are usually mysterious and hard for me to understand. -0.93
121. I almost do not know how to read expressions of fear on people’s faces — I do not have such an ability for recognition. -0.91
122. It is usually difficult for me to determine whether a person is truly upset or deliberately brings themselves to tears. -0.89
123. I poorly sense the “subtext” in others’ speech, so I prefer people to express themselves directly. -0.89
124. I am usually not very sensitive to the moods of those around me. -0.89
125. I am a completely uninhibited person, but at the same time helpless in building my relationships with people — here I am easily hooked. -0.88
126. I rarely notice others’ elevated moods in advance, and therefore learn about the successes of my close ones more often from their words. -0.87
127. I generally have difficulty when I need to describe in words the feelings and emotional experiences of other people. -0.85
128. I poorly catch intonations in others’ speech. -0.84
129. I am not very perceptive of others’ experiences. -0.83
130. When people around me experience fear or terror for some reason (as they later tell me), in those very moments I often remain in blissful ignorance, since I myself feel nothing, notice nothing from their facial expressions, and guess nothing. -0.83
131. My thinking is structured in such a way that it often seems to “isolate” me from understanding the meaning of others’ actions. -0.79

Scale 17. Cognitive empathy for positive emotions (V. Talanov)

1. I easily pick up whether praise or flattery has affected a person, whether it has improved his mood. 0.98
2. I can easily and unerringly discern a state of happiness in my friend. 0.97
3. I easily pick up weak signals of sympathy. 0.97
4. I always know who in the group likes me and who does not. 0.97
5. I always sense well the moment when a person stops being my enemy. 0.96
6. I usually see when a person is in a cheerful mood. 0.94
7. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more positive and “warm” mood in my partner or interlocutor. 0.94
8. By small emotional nuances I always instantly sense who in a new company is the leader. 0.93
9. If my close person is in a good mood, I see it instantly. 0.91
10. I can choose the best moment when one can approach a person with a request. 0.90
11. I easily determine whether someone else’s smile is sincere or deliberately “put on.” 0.89
12. I like participating in conversations about who loves whom or does not love whom, and how, and why. 0.87
13. I quickly see and understand what can interest a particular interlocutor. 0.75
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14. I have problems with quickly finding out and understanding whether my friends are happy, whether they are in a good mood. -0.98
15. It is difficult for me to guess whether my friends are happy. -0.96
16. I rarely notice in advance someone else’s uplifted mood, and therefore I more often learn about the successes of my close ones only from their words. -0.90

Scale 18. Cognitive empathy for negative emotions (V. Talanov)

1. I usually, even before any words are spoken, quickly understand that an acquaintance (male or female) is angry. 0.98
2. I always notice if someone nearby has had their mood “droop,” and I can usually easily understand what the reasons are and how it will develop further. 0.98
3. I easily catch anxiety or disappointment in another person’s voice. 0.97
4. I am sensitive and observant to sudden small shifts toward a more negative and “cold,” minor-key or dissatisfied mood in my partner or interlocutor. 0.97
5. I quickly notice signs of dissatisfaction in a person’s behavior. 0.97
6. From another person’s face I instantly see that something is repulsive or unpleasant to him. 0.97
7. I usually see right away that my friends are afraid of something. 0.97
8. I quickly notice тревоженность in another person’s voice. 0.97
9. Quite often I notice an expression of anxiety or fear on other people’s faces. 0.97
10. I always quickly sense if a person has become tired of talking with me and is trying to leave. 0.96
11. From the interlocutor’s voice I quickly notice when he begins to get nervous. 0.95
12. I usually foresee others’ angry outbursts in advance. 0.94
13. I usually immediately understand that my friend is beginning to get irritated. 0.94
14. I perceptively see ill or self-interested attitudes toward me even if they are concealed. 0.93
15. I easily sense hostile signals coming from other people. 0.93
16. I easily notice someone’s ill or self-interested attitude toward me even if the person conceals it. 0.93
17. I often think through the course of intrigues in a group or among my acquaintances. 0.93
18. I pick up well even weak negative “emotional vibrations” of another person. 0.92
19. I easily and quickly notice hostility directed at me in a person’s behavior. 0.92
20. I easily notice expressions of fear or dissatisfaction on people’s faces. 0.92
21. I immediately see whether my friend is sad or not, although I myself remain in my own mood. 0.91
22. Usually I quickly and immediately see when a person is being хитрит. 0.89
23. I always know who in the group is my enemy and who is not. 0.88
24. If my acquaintance is upset or disappointed about something, I see it immediately. 0.88
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25. It is usually difficult for me to notice that my friends are frightened by something. -0.99
26. I do not always understand exactly when people are upset and offended—when they are sobbing their eyes out, that is clear. -0.98
27. I do not always understand what exactly the interlocutor took offense at in conversation. -0.97
28. It is usually difficult for me to understand why one acquaintance of mine dislikes another acquaintance of mine. -0.97
29. It is usually difficult for me to determine whether another person is truly frightened or only “pretending” fear. -0.93
30. It is usually difficult for me to determine whether a person is truly upset or is deliberately bringing himself to tears. -0.90
31. I almost do not know how to read an expression of fear on people’s faces—I do not have such an ability for recognition. -0.89
32. When people near me experience fear or horror for some reason (as they later tell me), in those very minutes I often remain in blissful ignorance, because I myself feel nothing, and by their facial expressions I also notice nothing and do not suspect anything. -0.80

Scale 19. MOTOR EMPATHY (unconscious copying of others’ motor behavior, associated with the development of the brain’s mirror-neuron network)

1. If a person nearby scratches, sometimes I immediately start itching in the same place. 0.96
2. When I see someone scratching, I often myself also automatically feel the urge to scratch. 0.92
3. Sometimes it happens that when someone near me is shivering from cold, I myself automatically and involuntarily begin to feel cold. 0.84
4. When someone in my field of view on the street makes a sudden movement, I also jerk. 0.80
5. If someone in my sight stretches his hands toward a fire, sometimes I begin to feel as though heat in my own fingers and palms. 0.77
6. Sometimes I see someone put a hand on another person’s shoulder, and it is as if I myself very distinctly feel a touch to the same place on my body. 0.75
7. If someone near me eats a lemon, I automatically feel saliva secretion and as if the taste of lemon in my mouth. 0.70
8. Sometimes I catch myself that when someone near me sharply pulls a lever with his hand (in a car, for example), or picks up some object with his hand, my own hand involuntarily clenches. 0.69
9. When a person near me puts his hand on another person’s shoulder, I sometimes have a distinct sensation as if someone put a hand on my shoulder. 0.64
10. I often notice about myself that if someone nearby begins greedily and with appetite to drink, then I myself immediately begin to want to drink as well. 0.61
11. I have noticed that I easily catch contagious чужие “yawns”—when someone nearby begins to yawn, upon seeing it I also immediately, automatically, and irresistibly yawn. 0.60
12. If someone in front of me stumbles, then sometimes I somehow automatically stumble after him. 0.55
13. It happens that someone nearby sneezes, and I immediately after that am also automatically pulled to sneeze. 0.50

Scale 20. Questions tightly correlated with motor empathy, and indicating as a result also (together with it) a high development of the cluster of affective empathy responsible for refraining from actions that cause others pain and unpleasant sensations. (V. Talanov)

1. I perceive others’ pain with suffering. 0.86
2. It is unpleasant for me to watch another person grimace in pain—I immediately begin to feel something similar to his torment myself. 0.83
3. I experience anxious agitation and become very upset if I see animals suffering. 0.83
4. I believe that cruel spectacles, such as dog fights, should be banned. 0.78
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5. I like it when people are afraid of me. -0.95
6. I believe that everything unadapted to life and everything weak should be eradicated. -0.94
7. Sometimes someone else’s fear gives me satisfaction. -0.94
8. I relax when I watch films with fights. -0.93
9. When it is possible to achieve something from another person by means of forceful pressure, it is usually pleasant. -0.93
10. I can go toward my goal, completely trampling others’ interests. -0.93
11. Sometimes I like seeing someone else’s fear. -0.92
12. It is often more pleasant for me to do something bad to an enemy than to do something good to a friend. -0.92
13. I like looking down on people “from above.” -0.92
14. A victorious war is better than a bad peace. -0.91
15. If I had the necessary power, I would crush all those who disagree with me. -0.91
16. Before allowing a person to work, he should be tested for quality and durability in specially created experimental conditions (without informing him about it). -0.90
17. There are many people whom I look down on “from above.” -0.91
18. I like acting with aggression, force, and threat. -0.91
19. I would like to be a manager or overseer on a 19th-century coffee plantation. -0.90
20. I take pleasure in tormenting some of those around me. -0.90
21. The sweetest thing in life is power over others. -0.90
22. I like watching TV programs with crime chronicles. -0.89
23. To admit one’s mistakes aloud means to lower oneself and show weakness. -0.87
24. Animated series about Tom and Jerry (who chase each other) appeal to me more than animated series about Chip and Dale (who are always “going to help” someone). -0.87
25. The art of living consists in behaving without ceremony precisely with those people who will not want to or cannot answer you. -0.86
26. I am not very susceptible to others’ pain or fear; therefore I could quite well work as a dentist or surgeon. -0.82
27. People who try to cast doubt on my high logical abilities usually provoke hatred in me, strong irritation, or at least a desire to immediately put them in their place and punish them roughly. -0.80
28. I know that for the sake of principles I can easily overcome both fear and compassion. -0.80
29. It is true that I do not need anyone’s sympathy. -0.79