EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOCIONIC PROFILES OF ELEVATED NORADRENERGIC ACTIVITY

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT NOREPINEPHRINE? (BRIEF OVERVIEW)

Noradrenaline, norepinephrine, L-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol — a neurotransmitter that provides chemical transmission of nerve impulses at noradrenergic synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. By chemical structure, it belongs to the biogenic amines in which the amino group is linked to pyrocatechol (catechol), and is part of the catecholamine group.

Norepinephrine is produced in the brain from its precursor – dopamine. In turn, norepinephrine is a precursor of epinephrine. Chemically, norepinephrine differs from it by the absence of a methyl group at the nitrogen atom of the amino group in the side chain; its action as a hormone is in many respects synergistic with that of epinephrine.

Norepinephrine synthesis occurs in the posterior part of the hypothalamus and in the adrenal medulla, as does epinephrine. Another site where norepinephrine is produced – the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system (the ends of its nerve fibers).

Norepinephrine is a transmitter both of neurons of the locus coeruleus (Lat. locus coeruleus) in the brainstem and of the endings of the sympathetic nervous system. The number of noradrenergic neurons in the CNS is small (several thousand axons – almost all of them originate from the locus coeruleus), but they have a very broad field of innervation in the brain. The locus coeruleus itself contains only several million neurons, but their axons have a highly developed system of projections (in simple terms, connections through neuronal processes and branching). These axons diverge into various regions of the brain: the upper layers of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, cerebellar cortex, amygdala, and striatum. Other processes (descending projections) pass into the spinal cord to sympathetic and motor neurons. The same organization of projections in the brain exists in the serotonin and dopamine systems. In terms of the “coverage” of connections, norepinephrine pathways closely resemble the serotonin system.

In addition to its purely neurotransmitter role (associated with neurons originating from the locus coeruleus), norepinephrine also acts as a neurohormone; in this case it influences CNS neurons through their receptors for it, being delivered to them not through axons originating from the locus coeruleus, but through the bloodstream.

Norepinephrine has several degradation pathways mediated by two enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

The action of norepinephrine on the nervous system is mediated through its effect on specific adrenoceptors located on neuronal cell bodies. Alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta receptors for norepinephrine are distinguished. Each group is divided into subgroups differing in affinity for different agonists, antagonists, and, in part, in function. Alpha-1 and beta receptors can only be postsynaptic and stimulate adenylate cyclase; alpha-2 receptors can be both post- and presynaptic and inhibit adenylate cyclase. Beta receptors stimulate lipolysis.

The action of norepinephrine is associated with a predominant effect on α-adrenoceptors.

Thus, the brain’s overall noradrenergic activity is influenced by many factors (and accordingly has a polygenic nature) and decomposes into many comparatively independent local factors. The most general factors of individual noradrenergic activity are associated, on the one hand, with the intensity of its synthesis, on the second – with the rate of its degradation (genes responsible for the functioning of MAO-A and COMT), and on the third – with mechanisms of its reuptake from the neuronal synaptic cleft (at high reuptake rates, the concentration of free NE decreases and its activity falls).

Since norepinephrine occupies an intermediate position in the chain of transformations between dopamine and epinephrine, one should therefore expect the influences associated with its specific activity to be partly positively correlated with the specific influences of dopamine and epinephrine (and especially epinephrine, since they largely share receptors on neurons).

Epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to the same series of adrenergic receptors, but each receptor has “preferences” for a particular neurotransmitter. These preferences produce different effects of the two compounds. The α1 receptor prefers norepinephrine. It constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, contracts the muscles of the iris (thereby dilating the pupil, whereas acetylcholine, by contrast, constricts the pupil), and reduces activity of the digestive tract. The β1 receptor also prefers norepinephrine. Acting on this receptor, it increases heart rate and the force of contraction.

By contrast, the α2 receptor prefers epinephrine. Through receptors of this type, it relaxes the digestive tract, reduces insulin secretion, and promotes healing by activating the clotting process. The β2 receptor also prefers epinephrine. It opens the airways and further reduces activity of the digestive tract.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine usually work together, but they produce different parts of the “fight or flight” response. Norepinephrine raises blood pressure and heart rate, whereas epinephrine increases respiratory capacity and blood clotting. They also work together to reduce activity in the digestive system.

Dopamine is a direct precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine, so norepinephrine has a close relationship with dopamine. On the one hand, this relationship is positive (if there is a problem with dopamine production, there will also be problems with norepinephrine production). But on the other hand – this relationship is negative. The enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) converts dopamine into norepinephrine. The activity of this enzyme can alter the relative levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the body. High DBH activity means less dopamine and more norepinephrine, whereas low DBH activity means more dopamine and less norepinephrine.

DBH must carefully maintain the balance between dopamine and norepinephrine. An imbalance here may lead to elevated blood pressure, heart failure, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and other conditions.

Thus, norepinephrine participates in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance. For example, when moving from a lying position to a standing or sitting position, the level of norepinephrine in blood plasma normally increases several-fold within just one minute.

Norepinephrine participates in the implementation of “fight or flight” responses, but to a lesser extent than epinephrine. The difference between them is that epinephrine is more responsible for flight, whereas norepinephrine is predominantly a substance of defensive aggression (defensive, not offensive!). The level of norepinephrine in the blood rises under stress conditions, shock, trauma, blood loss, burns, anxiety, fear, and nervous tension. Excessive production of norepinephrine (as well as increased sensitivity to it) intensifies stress responses, increases their frequency, and reduces overall stress resistance. For this reason, individuals with high noradrenergic activity avoid situations of potential stress. By contrast, individuals with low norepinephrine production often deliberately seek stressful situations (high-risk situations such as “train surfing”), because these artificially raise norepinephrine levels, which in moderate doses produce pleasant arousal.

The cardiotropic action of norepinephrine is associated with its stimulatory effect on β-adrenoceptors of the heart. Norepinephrine causes an increase in cardiac output and accelerates the pulse. As a result of increased arterial pressure, perfusion pressure in the coronary and cerebral arteries increases. At the same time, peripheral vascular resistance and central venous pressure increase substantially.

Under the influence of an elevated concentration of norepinephrine in the blood in its capacity as a neurohormone:

• The force of skeletal muscle contraction increases.
• The speed (frequency) of heart contractions increases.
• Blood pressure increases. This occurs in two ways. The first — through narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels (vasoconstriction). The second – through an increase in cardiac output (the heart muscle ejects blood from the heart with greater force). Owing to these changes, perfusion pressure in the coronary and cerebral arteries increases. But at the same time, peripheral vascular resistance and central venous pressure increase substantially.
• The concentration of glucose and free (non-esterified) fatty acids in the blood increases (norepinephrine promotes the breakdown of fats). All these biochemical shifts are directed toward supporting muscular work under conditions of stress, that is, conditions of potential danger to the subject from a hostile environment. The need to intensify muscular work to provide for “fighting” or flight is obvious. Increased blood pressure serves the same purpose – supplying tissues and cells with oxygen. An increase in blood glucose is necessary to improve nourishment of muscles and organs – this is energy for the body.

Norepinephrine not only dilates the pupil of the eye, but also increases the production of tear fluid (if there is little NE in blood plasma, a tear deficiency will also arise).

In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal and anxiety, heightens vigilance, promotes the formation and retrieval of memory, and also focuses attention.

In the rest of the body, it increases heart rate and arterial pressure, causes the release of glucose from energy stores (including fat), increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, decreases blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, blocks urination, and slows the rate at which food passes through the intestines. Together with epinephrine, these effects create the stress response.

Norepinephrine provides sensitivity to weak auditory signals – in particular, also during sleep. Researchers at Tel Aviv University established: the higher the activity in the locus coeruleus (the brain region supplying it with norepinephrine), the greater the chance of waking from a sound. Normally, norepinephrine activity should be moderate or minimal during sleep. But when it is high, awakening will be more frequent, even from quiet sounds (source: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/07/c_139192655.htm ).

As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine is known as the neurotransmitter of wakefulness and rapid decision-making. Norepinephrine helps one wake up, i.e., it influences the overall level of brain activity (primarily by inhibiting sleep). Excess norepinephrine is associated with poor sleep quality or insomnia.

Norepinephrine participates in controlling the overall level of motor activity. Synapses formed by locus coeruleus neurons increase mobility and the speed of walking and running by switching off inhibitory neurons in motor centers. Owing to this effect of norepinephrine during stress or strong emotions, when there is especially much norepinephrine in the CNS, one “cannot sit still.”

Norepinephrine in moderate doses promotes mental concentration on performing a task and improves concentration of attention – through inhibitory regulation of sensory streams. This makes it possible to focus better on those signals that are most significant in a particular situation (“here and now”).

Against a background of high norepinephrine activity of the locus coeruleus, humans and animals learn, above all, to avoid unpleasant events and to remember ways out of potentially or actually dangerous situations. Memory for behavioral blocking of unsuccessful experiences is supported by the negative emotions linked to them, in whose emergence norepinephrine plays a major role. In our lives, this effect of norepinephrine means that learning proceeds better under conditions of mild and controlled stress. But severe stress, by contrast, worsens the quality of memorization.

Norepinephrine also participates in remembering victories and the paths that led to them. This refers primarily to positive emotions arising under clearly stressful conditions and corresponding to such concepts as excitement, pleasure from risk, and joy of victory.

There are two reinforcement centers in the brain. One, operating on dopaminergic neurons – in the striatum (the brain’s “striated body”). This center is also associated with our anticipations, hopes, and joy of approaching a goal. The other center is evidently closely associated with socionic Te, since it responds only to final and conclusive success. Its activity also rises every time some choice is made in favor of a more effective solution. In short, this center responds to gain, and it is located in the frontal cortex. Its nature is precisely noradrenergic (which, in principle, should connect Te with norepinephrine).

A surge in norepinephrine causes euphoria (a strong, sudden, and all-consuming feeling of happiness). But this is one, so to speak, pleasant effect. Other possible reactions are no longer so, so to speak, good and pleasant:

• increased blood pressure, accelerated pulse;
• panic attacks (inexplicable agonizing episodes of severe anxiety);
• hyperactivity (unnatural motor and speech activity, excessive excitability).

Chronic elevation of noradrenergic activity is characterized by:

• uncaused anxiety;
• profuse sweating;
• deterioration of vision;
• coronary heart disease.

A deficiency of norepinephrine leads to the following pathological states:

• lethargy (drowsiness, lack of energy, slowness, apathy, sluggishness, fatigue),
• impaired concentration and attention-deficit syndrome,
• depressive disorders with symptoms of apathy and depressed mood.

People with high locus coeruleus activity (that is, high neurotransmitter noradrenergic activity) are often distinguished by a choleric temperament.

The brain of a person with elevated locus coeruleus activity is characterized by:

• impulsivity in the decision-making process,
• a tendency toward sudden and even inappropriate outbursts of aggressiveness (as a rule, in response to some stimulus unpleasant to them – that is, this concerns so-called defensive aggressiveness).

On the other hand, norepinephrine participates in the formation of “anxious” feelings of vigilance and wariness. The feeling of fear – this is also one of norepinephrine’s “achievements.” Moreover, fear may be:

• a reaction caused by actual or anticipated danger;
• as well as irrational fear, representing an uncaused experience that is not explained by the situation.

An association between elevated norepinephrine and post-traumatic stress disorder has been established. People with PTSD develop a hyperactive noradrenergic system. Because of this, in the brains of patients with PTSD a pathological fear response forms even at a relatively low stimulus intensity. Therefore, therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder is often oriented toward reducing norepinephrine levels.

One of the conditions involving deficient noradrenergic activity is ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). The risk of developing this disorder is present in excessively restless, active children with impulsive behavior, problems with attention and concentration, planning, etc. In general terms, in the brains of people suffering from this disorder, neural connections established by the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine function abnormally. What happens? There is deficient release of these neurotransmitters and a high level of their reuptake. This is precisely why pharmacological treatment with drugs such as methylphenidate or dextroamphetamine is often used in Europe and America in the correction of attention-deficit disorder, because they block transport and reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, thereby increasing their concentration in the neuronal synaptic cleft.

In addition, some specialists speak of a positive effect of caffeine in reducing symptoms in people with ADHD – caffeine also raises the brain’s noradrenergic activity.

It has been established that in patients with cluster headaches, the level of the hormone norepinephrine in blood plasma is several times higher than normal.

In men, an association has been observed between the distribution of adipose tissue and norepinephrine levels. If fat is deposited mainly around the abdomen, norepinephrine levels are elevated. It has been proposed that reducing abdominal adipose tissue would make it possible to reduce norepinephrine levels.

The list of 22 markers of elevated noradrenergic activity used in V. L. Talanov’s questionnaires to construct the final socionic profile of elevated noradrenergic activity:

1. PREDISPOSITION TO INTERNAL “WOUND-UP” TENSION AND IMPATIENT NERVOUS AROUSAL 0,951
2. IMPULSIVE DEFENSIVE AGGRESSION 0,921
3. IMPATIENCE, RESTLESSNESS, IMPULSIVE SWEEPING (HIGH-AMPLITUDE) MOVEMENTS 0,867
4. HIGH SPEED OF MOVEMENT AND SPEECH (norepinephrine-induced weakness of motor inhibition) 0,767
5. HEADACHES 0,724
6. PREDISPOSITION TO PANIC REACTIONS 0,696
7. FREQUENT BLINKING 0,693
8. HEIGHTENED VIGILANT-IRRITABLE ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING UNPLEASANT, UNCOMFORTABLE, UNACCEPTABLE (UP TO AND INCLUDING DISGUST REACTIONS) 0,661
9. IMPULSIVITY 0,658
10. HIGH CARDIAC ACTIVITY (ACCELERATED PULSE) AND ELEVATED ARTERIAL PRESSURE (DUE TO VASOCONSTRICTION UNDER THE ACTION OF NOREPINEPHRINE) 0,635
11. LIGHT, SUPERFICIAL SLEEP – AWAKENS EVEN FROM WEAK NOISE AND QUIET SOUNDS 0,618
12. VISION PROBLEMS 0,551
13. ELEVATED ANXIETY 0,536
14. EASILY INDUCED TEARING FROM THE EYES 0,515
15. RAPID DECISION-MAKING IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS (norepinephrine plus, acetylcholine plus) 0,489
16. DILATED PUPILS (norepinephrine plus, acetylcholine minus) 0,465
17. POOR TOLERANCE OF COLD DUE TO ADRENERGIC CONSTRICTION OF PERIPHERAL VESSELS (sympathicotonia, sympathoadrenal crisis) 0,445
18. READINESS FOR STRESS, STRESS RESISTANCE 0,364
19. IMPAIRMENT OF FINE LOW-AMPLITUDE MOTOR SKILLS (including awkward handwriting as a consequence – a typical symptom of a norepinephrine rise during stress) 0,288
20. AVOIDANCE OF HIGH-RISK SITUATIONS (does not seek to raise norepinephrine levels additionally) 0,279
21. DEPRESSIVE STATES CHARACTERIZED BY SYMPTOMS OF APATHY AND DEPRESSED MOOD ARE UNCHARACTERISTIC 0,256
22. ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE MENTALLY AND FOCUS ATTENTION ON A TASK -0,271

The full list of questionnaire items comprising all 22 clusters can be found in the appendix at the end of the article.

To obtain the final socionic profile of “high norepinephrine,” the profiles of all 22 clusters are averaged with equal weight.

After each cluster, the coefficient of linear correlation between its type profile and the type profile of the final indicator averaged across all clusters is shown. As we can see, the last cluster has a negative correlation with the “high norepinephrine” profile, although an increase in norepinephrine concentration in the synapses of the corresponding frontal-cortex neurons is considered to lead to increased concentration of attention. What might be going on here? Norepinephrine acts not only as a neurotransmitter, but also as a neurohormone. An excess of it as a neurohormone in blood plasma leads to feverish arousal, which naturally interferes with concentration of thought. On the other hand, a local increase in noradrenergic activity in synapses of frontal-cortex neurons genuinely improves concentration of thought, and the experience of Soviet students in the 1980s, who while preparing for examinations often used Sydnocarb tablets (a dopamine and norepinephrine agonist), is evidence of this.

It should also be remembered that the profile of resultant norepinephrine activity incorporates many independent biological and genetic factors. First and foremost, these are the number and sensitivity of norepinephrine receptors located on neuronal cell bodies. There are many different varieties of these receptors, and even receptors nominally of the same type may differ depending on their site of localization in the brain and the function they perform. Accordingly, noradrenergic activity even at the level of norepinephrine receptors alone is encoded and controlled by many different genes. To this must also be added genes encoding the synthesis of norepinephrine from its precursor and the final destruction (degradation) of norepinephrine molecules (the intensity of all these processes may differ depending on many genes), as well as genes encoding the mechanisms of norepinephrine reuptake from synapses (specifically, drawing its molecules back into axons by means of special protein transporter molecules – such uptake reduces noradrenergic activity because it lowers the concentration of free norepinephrine in synapses). Thus, final averaged norepinephrine activity has a polygenic nature, and high mean noradrenergic activity may also be observed at low levels of norepinephrine in blood plasma – owing to increased sensitivity and a large number of norepinephrine receptors.

The socionic profiles of all clusters and of their final averaged indicator, characterizing a certain averaged noradrenergic activity of the brain as a whole, are shown in the accompanying figures.

In addition to the 22 listed clusters of elevated norepinephrine, another cluster is ultimately found among the questionnaire items. It is not one of those determining the norepinephrine-activity scale, but it is very closely correlated with that scale. Here it is:

23. OFTEN SEEKS MORAL SUPPORT FROM OTHERS (a direct consequence of the evolutionary role of noradrenergic activity as a mechanism providing defensive aggression) 0,829

And here are the items comprising this cluster (at the end of each item – its correlation with the overall final norepinephrine-activity scale):

1. I often feel a need to discuss my problems with friends. 0,83
2. I readily share my problems and suffering with others, seeking understanding, sympathy, and support. 0,75
3. If I feel trouble or discomfort, the presence of another person calms me. 0,75
4. I like exchanging praise and pleasantries with someone on the internet. 0,73
5. It is very important for me to constantly feel that another person perceives me as a unique individual. 0,70
6. In communication, the presence of emotional closeness and an emotional response is absolutely necessary for me. 0,69
7. I easily and selflessly share my ideas and imaginative discoveries with other people. 0,68
8. If I become ill, I want pity. 0,68
9. It is very important to me that others like me and that I hear them acknowledge this. 0,67
10. I am painfully sensitive to criticism. 0,66
11. I often complain to people about my poor health, their poor care, or their indifference to me. 0,64
12. Something inside me often urges me to “unburden my soul” and confess to someone. 0,63
13. It happens that I ask for something or tell something with suffering in my voice. 0,61
14. I like to be looked after and to have people listen to my problems and complaints about feeling unwell. 0,57
15. I often need sympathy and consolation; I want someone to pity me and “stroke” me. 0,57
16. I am very vulnerable to remarks from others. 0,50

17. I am an autonomous person, always full of self-confidence and self-sufficiency. -0,33
18. Attempts to help me are usually perceived by me as an unwanted intrusion into my working environment. -0,61
19. I find it difficult to formulate and express my emotional problems in words (I simply cannot translate them into the language of words). -0,63
20. It is useless to try to seek people’s sympathy - some people will invariably hate you anyway and put obstacles in your way. -0,64
21. It is true that I never speak aloud about my pain, fear, hunger, or fatigue, even if I experience them. -0,65
22. If misunderstandings arise with another person, I certainly will not go complain to anyone; I will resolve the problem strictly one-on-one, “by the code” and according to a code of honor. -0,67
23. It is true that I never discuss my planned actions with friends or relatives in advance - I always plan alone and without discussion. -0,68
24. I am indifferent to both praise and criticism from others. -0,68
25. I am a very self-sufficient person - I am usually comfortable even by myself; in any case, I generally do not need anyone’s help or support. -0,73
26. If I become ill, I usually treat myself without telling anyone about my illness, without publicizing it at all to those close to me (I will say briefly how I feel only if they themselves ask). -0,74
27. I follow the rule of never complaining to anyone about feeling unwell: they will not pity you, and you will lose their respect. -0,74
28. I am usually stingy with information I possess - I am unlikely to share ideas and advice with friends. -0,74
29. I will never, on my own initiative, discuss either my mood or exactly what affected it in that way. -0,78
30. I never say in advance how I intend to act, and all the more I would never discuss it with anyone. -0,80
31. I very rarely talk about my own feelings and experiences. -0,82
32. I have learned to restrain and conceal my emotions. -0,83
33. I am secretive about my emotions, about everything that inspires or depresses me, and I would never on my own initiative discuss what exactly changed my mood. -0,84
34. I am usually secretive about what upset me and when, and when upset I try not to show it. -0,91

Although cluster No. 23 is not among those that define the final scale (because the association of this property with norepinephrine has not been described in the scientific literature), even among the 22 “defining clusters” it ranks fourth in magnitude of correlation with the final averaged norepinephrine profile. In our opinion, this result is a natural one. The principal task of norepinephrine as a neurohormone – to provide the mechanism of defensive (responsive, protective) aggression. “Fight or flight” - that is its motto. Signaling danger to conspecifics, as well as calling them for help – these are quite obvious components of defensive behavior, and therefore their association with the final norepinephrine scale should not surprise us.

What norepinephrine provides for emergency defensive situations naturally becomes a permanent character trait in individuals with chronically elevated noradrenergic activity.

As we can see from the profiles in the figures, the highest norepinephrine is characteristic of the standard EIE, and the lowest – of the standard LSI (exactly the same situation holds for the profile of cluster No. 23 itself: EIE is the champion of the socion in seeking moral support and in telling everyone they meet about their problems, whereas LSI – by contrast – is the champion of secrecy and self-sufficiency). Thus, some dictator with the EIE sociotype invariably seeks a response in the eyes of his subjects and, for this purpose, enters into emotional dialogue with them. If EIE does not see responsive sympathy in the eyes of subordinates in response to information about problems, or enthusiasm in response to an inspiring speech, he feels extremely uncomfortable. A dictator-LSI, however, has absolutely no need for anything of the kind. Moreover, he likes to see downcast eyes; in a glance caught by chance, he prefers to find either dutiful “tin-like” impassivity or a feeling of fear.

Let us describe one more curious physiological role of norepinephrine. As a neurohormone in the blood, it provides not only the defensive “fight or flight” response, but above all regulates blood pressure. Therefore, when a person is lying down, the level of norepinephrine in their blood plasma is low (the heart has no need to pump blood into the vessels at elevated pressure, since all the body’s organs are at approximately the same height and the pump does not have to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of a vertically positioned column of fluid). But as soon as a person sits up, the norepinephrine level in the blood immediately begins to rise sharply, increasing several-fold literally within a few seconds. As a result, under the action of norepinephrine the vessels constrict, the heart muscles begin to work more intensively, and blood pressure in the vessels rises – it is now easier for the blood to enter the vessels of the head, since the head is now located considerably higher than the pump-heart.

At the same time, norepinephrine also has the function of providing defense and vigilance. Therefore, the more norepinephrine there is, the more attention is devoted to supplying the muscles with oxygen and glucose, while other processes occurring in the body are inhibited and even blocked whenever possible so that they do not needlessly consume the body’s energy. In particular, digestive processes are blocked under the action of norepinephrine (at high concentrations in the blood – they are blocked almost completely). This is why a person becomes sleepy after eating. And not because they need to sleep, but because they need to lie down and relax their muscles – without this, the level of norepinephrine in the blood will not decrease, and food will not be digested normally. The ancient Romans knew this secret well, and held their feasts not sitting on benches at a table, but lying on their sides on special couches. It would long since have been time to open similar restaurants in our own day. In any case, when you have eaten your fill in a restaurant, the food will slosh around in your stomach without entering the intestines until you are at home in bed.

The psychology of a lying and a sitting person is also different. If you, while lying down, are asked to tell something about yourself, you will have to rise and sit up to do so. A person lying down, with a low level of norepinephrine in the blood, is very rarely drawn toward frankness.

Even pupil size differs between a person who is lying down and one who is standing (the standing person’s pupils are wider).

By contrast, the psychic functions that norepinephrine suppresses (especially Ti, Si, and Di) work more intensively in a person in the lying position, when the level of norepinephrine in the blood is reduced.

Norepinephrine

Socionic type profiles of clusters of high noradrenergic activity and the profile of their mean

| No. | Cluster | ILE | LII | SEI | ESE | SLE | LSI | IEI | EIE | SEE | ESI | ILI | LIE | IEE | EII | SLI | LSE | |---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:| | 1 | PREDISPOSITION TO INTERNAL “WOUND-UP” TENSION AND IMPATIENT NERVOUS AROUSAL | 0,879 | -0,597 | -0,368 | 0,627 | 0,167 | -1,602 | 0,065 | 1,433 | 0,052 | -0,122 | -0,623 | 0,284 | 0,281 | -0,597 | -0,356 | 0,478 | | 2 | IMPULSIVE DEFENSIVE AGGRESSION | 1,237 | -0,988 | -0,074 | 0,733 | 0,181 | -1,306 | 0,087 | 1,759 | 0,352 | -0,187 | -0,842 | -0,359 | 0,147 | -0,484 | -0,631 | 0,376 | | 3 | IMPATIENCE, RESTLESSNESS, IMPULSIVE SWEEPING (HIGH-AMPLITUDE) MOVEMENTS | 1,164 | -0,609 | -0,519 | 0,485 | 0,358 | -1,124 | -0,266 | 0,857 | 0,501 | -0,462 | -0,854 | 0,847 | 0,860 | -0,777 | -0,649 | 0,189 | | 4 | HIGH SPEED OF MOVEMENT AND SPEECH (norepinephrine-induced weakness of motor inhibition) | 0,797 | -0,518 | -0,475 | 0,347 | 0,351 | -0,531 | -0,521 | 0,536 | 0,311 | -0,245 | -0,386 | 0,732 | 0,891 | -0,820 | -0,783 | 0,313 | | 5 | HEADACHES | 1,034 | -0,997 | 0,048 | 0,231 | 0,115 | -0,964 | 0,590 | 0,659 | 0,629 | -0,355 | -0,425 | -0,147 | 0,577 | -0,607 | -0,043 | -0,344 | | 6 | PREDISPOSITION TO PANIC REACTIONS | 0,988 | -0,909 | 0,147 | 0,339 | -0,808 | -1,239 | 0,460 | 1,378 | -0,652 | -0,365 | -0,002 | -0,475 | -0,278 | 0,540 | 0,328 | 0,547 | | 7 | FREQUENT BLINKING | 0,388 | -0,204 | 0,044 | 0,159 | -0,606 | -0,363 | 0,130 | 0,325 | -0,233 | 0,032 | -0,283 | 0,325 | 0,263 | -0,072 | 0,139 | -0,044 | | 8 | HEIGHTENED VIGILANT-IRRITABLE ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING UNPLEASANT, UNCOMFORTABLE, UNACCEPTABLE (UP TO AND INCLUDING DISGUST REACTIONS) | 0,272 | 0,168 | -0,610 | 0,099 | -0,896 | -0,649 | -0,370 | 1,634 | -0,335 | 0,131 | -0,422 | -0,353 | -0,056 | 0,021 | 0,634 | 0,733 | | 9 | IMPULSIVITY | 1,419 | -1,323 | 0,173 | 0,539 | 0,423 | -1,429 | 0,913 | 0,679 | 1,088 | -0,532 | -0,871 | -0,130 | 0,931 | -1,133 | -0,103 | -0,646 | | 10 | HIGH CARDIAC ACTIVITY (ACCELERATED PULSE) AND ELEVATED ARTERIAL PRESSURE (DUE TO VASOCONSTRICTION UNDER THE ACTION OF NOREPINEPHRINE) | 0,325 | -0,233 | 0,074 | 0,027 | -0,551 | -0,285 | -0,020 | 0,347 | 0,114 | 0,233 | -0,078 | -0,070 | 0,222 | 0,029 | -0,033 | -0,101 | | 11 | LIGHT, SUPERFICIAL SLEEP – AWAKENS EVEN FROM WEAK NOISE AND QUIET SOUNDS | 0,147 | -0,007 | -0,746 | 0,203 | -0,836 | -0,461 | -0,520 | 1,465 | -0,578 | -0,557 | 0,029 | -0,243 | 0,252 | 0,391 | 0,333 | 1,129 | | 12 | VISION PROBLEMS | 0,766 | -0,087 | -0,295 | -0,171 | -0,516 | -0,281 | 0,400 | 0,468 | -0,328 | -0,470 | 0,105 | 0,021 | 0,285 | 0,119 | 0,114 | -0,132 | | 13 | ELEVATED ANXIETY | 0,384 | -0,246 | -0,044 | 0,124 | -0,797 | -0,984 | 0,277 | 1,470 | -0,412 | 0,319 | 0,140 | -0,628 | -0,721 | 0,949 | -0,527 | 0,695 | | 14 | EASILY INDUCED TEARING FROM THE EYES | 0,423 | -0,231 | 0,599 | 0,738 | -1,062 | -0,855 | 0,815 | 0,677 | -0,581 | 0,199 | -0,879 | 0,019 | -0,011 | 0,434 | -0,136 | -0,150 | | 15 | RAPID DECISION-MAKING IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS (norepinephrine plus, acetylcholine plus) | 0,262 | -0,975 | -0,492 | 0,288 | 1,088 | 0,036 | -0,988 | 0,437 | 1,079 | -0,381 | -0,560 | 0,974 | 0,499 | -0,826 | -0,888 | 0,447 | | 16 | DILATED PUPILS | 0,660 | 0,023 | -0,279 | 0,006 | 0,015 | -0,445 | 0,865 | 0,034 | 0,290 | -0,172 | -0,134 | -0,202 | 0,355 | -0,469 | -0,547 | 0,001 | | 17 | POOR TOLERANCE OF COLD DUE TO ADRENERGIC CONSTRICTION OF PERIPHERAL VESSELS (sympathicotonia, sympathoadrenal crisis) | 0,542 | -0,503 | 0,423 | -0,461 | -0,896 | -0,316 | 0,307 | 1,079 | -0,361 | 0,463 | 0,152 | -0,120 | -0,443 | 0,073 | 0,018 | 0,043 | | 18 | READINESS FOR STRESS, STRESS RESISTANCE | 0,187 | -0,865 | -0,767 | -0,165 | 1,335 | 0,406 | -0,628 | 0,432 | 0,738 | -0,139 | -0,477 | 0,964 | 0,147 | -0,698 | -0,848 | 0,377 | | 19 | IMPAIRMENT OF FINE LOW-AMPLITUDE MOTOR SKILLS (INCLUDING AWKWARD HANDWRITING AS A CONSEQUENCE) | 0,846 | 0,501 | -0,332 | -0,719 | -0,289 | -0,670 | 0,125 | 0,132 | -0,247 | -0,289 | 0,118 | 0,464 | 0,546 | 0,050 | 0,216 | -0,451 | | 20 | AVOIDANCE OF HIGH-RISK SITUATIONS (does not seek to raise norepinephrine levels) | -0,202 | 0,592 | -0,804 | 0,256 | -1,527 | -0,457 | -0,743 | 0,708 | -1,149 | 0,068 | -0,089 | -0,207 | 0,184 | 0,840 | 0,756 | 1,775 | | 21 | DEPRESSIVE STATES WITH SYMPTOMS OF APATHY AND DEPRESSED MOOD ARE UNCHARACTERISTIC | -0,380 | -0,391 | -0,391 | 0,864 | 0,926 | 0,497 | -1,041 | -0,098 | 0,643 | 0,033 | -1,339 | 1,338 | 0,416 | -0,612 | -0,928 | 0,464 | | 22 | ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE MENTALLY AND FOCUS ATTENTION ON A TASK | -0,839 | 0,568 | -0,399 | 0,180 | 0,392 | 1,028 | -1,109 | -0,020 | -0,073 | 0,363 | -0,062 | 0,525 | -0,750 | -0,116 | -0,460 | 0,774 | | | TOTAL (mean) | 0,668 | -0,463 | -0,301 | 0,279 | -0,203 | -0,709 | -0,069 | 0,969 | 0,050 | -0,144 | -0,460 | 0,210 | 0,272 | -0,223 | -0,260 | 0,382 | | | Additional cluster: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23 | OFTEN SEEKS MORAL SUPPORT FROM OTHERS (a direct consequence of the evolutionary role of noradrenergic activity as a mechanism providing defensive aggression) | 0,771 | -0,448 | 0,375 | 0,667 | -0,736 | -1,088 | 0,371 | 1,060 | 0,105 | -0,214 | -0,804 | -0,169 | 0,142 | 0,087 | -0,299 | 0,181 |

Socionic functional profiles of clusters of high noradrenergic activity and the profile of their mean

Socionic trait profiles of clusters of high noradrenergic activity and the profile of their mean

APPENDIX

Item-by-item composition of the 22 noradrenergic-activity clusters (at the end of each item from V. Talanov’s questionnaires – the correlation of the item’s profile with the profile of the overall final CNS noradrenergic-activity scale):

1. PREDISPOSITION TO INTERNAL “WOUND-UP” TENSION AND IMPATIENT NERVOUS AROUSAL

1. I easily become aroused for various reasons. 0,89
2. During an agitated conversation my eyes shine, and my movements are abrupt and tense. 0,82
3. I often find it difficult to restrain my impatience while waiting for something - I am generally impatient by nature. 0,78
4. I have a very easily carried-away nature. 0,78
5. I often feel “wound up,” sensing a certain impetuosity within myself. 0,76
6. I am characterized by impatience if I do not like something. 0,74
7. When I work or speak, I usually (or very often) do so at an especially rapid pace and with somewhat agitated “nervousness.” 0,74
8. When I lose my temper, I sometimes begin to be “carried away increasingly,” to the point of frenzy, and no self-control helps. 0,69
9. I often show impatience. 0,66
10. I often get nervous over absolute trifles. 0,61

11. In what state do you more often go on the offensive against other people or their interests? 1. In a wound-up or dissatisfied state 5. In a calm and balanced state -0,67
12. Even in nervous situations I remain cool-headed. -0,76
13. My self-control is clearly above average. -0,77
14. My mood is usually stable and changes little under the influence of either rewards or unpleasant events. -0,78
15. I usually speak slowly and unhurriedly. -0,87
16. I am more inclined to keep my experiences inside rather than express them aloud. -0,91

2. IMPULSIVE DEFENSIVE AGGRESSION

1. I have the weakness that I easily lose my self-control. 0,88
2. I am often aroused, frequently become irritated, and at the same time speak so rapidly that my interlocutors find it difficult to follow my train of thought. 0,88
3. I may sometimes be perceived as an unbalanced, easily excitable person. 0,85
4. At times I am let down by a lack of restraint and balance. 0,84
5. I am excited by considerations that arise along the way or by any current information; I am easily and quickly “fired up” by everything. 0,84
6. At times I behave in a “jerky” manner, having difficulty restraining myself. 0,84
7. I find it difficult to control my internal intensity of feelings and passions. 0,84
8. I have often found it difficult to control my emotional impulses. 0,84
9. I am often guided by momentary emotions. 0,81
10. My character is marked by irritable obsession. 0,81
11. I often lose my temper and “boil over.” 0,79
12. I am hot-tempered by nature. 0,77
13. While condemning rude and ill-mannered people, I myself am nevertheless sometimes hot-tempered and unrestrained. 0,77
14. Sometimes I feel that just a little more and I will snap, and will no longer be able to control my emotions. 0,75
15. At times I lose control over the expression of my feelings. 0,75
16. In many situations my emotions instantly “wind up” to a high degree. 0,75
17. Under stress I become considerably more aggressive than usual. 0,74
18. I easily lose patience and flare up if, in response to my proposal based on proven experience of others that I have personally observed, I am presented with overly complicated and abstruse objections: why it will not work, why it cannot be done, etc. 0,74
19. If some unpleasant “setback” occurs in my affairs, I usually react with strong emotion; I need a considerable amount of time to calm down and move on to calm, constructive actions. 0,73
20. I am an impatient person and easily irritated if I have to wait for something, or when people do not respond to my words immediately. 0,73

21. In any situation I have very high self-control: I never lose my composure. -0,74
22. I react only to things that specifically and directly concern me; other stimuli will not make me “turn an ear.” -0,78
23. I am a completely non-impulsive person. -0,78
24. It is very difficult to make me lose my temper and start swearing aloud at relatives and acquaintances. -0,78
25. I am better than others at “keeping my mouth shut,” even when I am actively chatting with someone. -0,78
26. Even when I am yelling, I retain self-control and can stop myself at any moment. -0,78
27. It is true that I am a calm person and am predisposed neither to unrestrained joy, nor to rage, nor to extraordinary suffering. -0,79
28. My strengths are strong nerves and unfailing command of myself. -0,80
29. When necessary, I can always easily brake and stop myself. -0,80
30. It is very difficult to make me lose my temper; I do not even remember the last time it happened. -0,80
31. I always control my behavior easily and completely. -0,81
32. It would be very difficult to drive me to anger. -0,81
33. I more often remain calm when others are already becoming irritated. -0,82
34. I am always unruffled. -0,83
35. I am not easily made to lose my temper. -0,83
36. I easily control my behavior, never lose my temper, and do not permit excesses. -0,83
37. Absolutely always and in every situation I maintain my composure. -0,84
38. The volume of my voice is almost always constant; sudden and strong increases in volume, shouting, and yelling are absolutely uncharacteristic of me. -0,84
39. It is true that I never explode or break down, and never fall into panic or genuine hysteria. -0,85
40. I always control myself well and maintain complete composure. -0,85
41. It is very difficult to provoke and “get to” me. -0,85
42. I am distinguished by constancy of mood; emotional fluctuations and “surges” are uncharacteristic of me. -0,85
43. I am more phlegmatic than excitable. -0,87
44. I know how to “sit in ambush” without losing patience. -0,87
45. I am practically always balanced and even in my behavior. -0,91

3. IMPATIENCE, RESTLESSNESS, IMPULSIVE SWEEPING (HIGH-AMPLITUDE) MOVEMENTS

1. At times I experience strong motor restlessness and impatience and cannot sit still even for a minute. 0,90
2. In conversation I sometimes begin to gesture broadly and wave my arms. 0,83
3. When I talk while standing, I cannot maintain a calm posture; I more nearly “dance” than stand still. 0,83
4. I find it difficult to stand motionless for more than half a minute - I begin to fidget, change posture, and my arms and legs seem to start doing things on their own. 0,83
5. In ordinary conversations I usually gesture more than others. 0,83
6. I am motorically restless and unable to sit still - yet this restlessness is rather pleasant to me, expresses my natural desires, and does not feel imposed or uncomfortable at all. 0,82
7. Compared with others, I am talkative and at times fussy. 0,82
8. I am often unable to sit still - I feel a need to keep getting up and sitting down, turning around, and moving. 0,80
9. I cannot calmly remain in my seat for more than an hour in the compartment of a daytime train - I keep wanting to go for a walk somewhere. 0,79
10. I am a person who is internally dynamic. 0,77
11. I cannot stand patiently in a queue for long; I begin to “twitch.” 0,76
12. I usually find it difficult to sit calmly for long periods. 0,75
13. I often have a restless-anxious state in which it is difficult to sit still. 0,75
14. It would be very difficult for me to stand at “attention” for more than three minutes. 0,75
15. I am a fidgety, restless person, at times fussily active. 0,74
16. There is a great deal of impetuosity in me. 0,73
17. By nature I am less able to sit still and more motorically restless than others. 0,73
18. I am restless; I constantly want to move. 0,72
19. My movements are “sweeping.” 0,71
20. During activity I make many extraneous, unnecessary movements (I often change posture, sway, nod, scratch myself, shuffle a foot on the floor, rub something with my hand, etc.). 0,70
21. Broad and uninhibited gesticulation is typical of me. 0,65
22. I often interrupt my interlocutor - I do not like waiting while people finish their tedious, long thought. 0,62

23. My movements are flexible, economical, and soft. -0,57
24. My movements are more often smooth and “flowing.” -0,60
25. I am not very mobile; at times I can sit for a long time without moving at all. -0,76
26. Feverish impatience is not at all like me. -0,78
27. I am economical in my movements. -0,79
28. When excited, my hand movements become constrained; I gesture very little. -0,79
29. I can stand or sit motionless for a long time without any difficulty if required. -0,83
30. My movements are almost always economical and calm, but at the same time precise. -0,84

4. HIGH SPEED OF MOVEMENT AND SPEECH (norepinephrine-induced weakness of motor inhibition)

1. My speech can be somewhat like a rattle or the clatter of a sewing machine. 0,80
2. I have an impetuous rate of speech; the words are rapid and often seem to “run into” one another. 0,79
3. It happens that I speak so quickly that I can be difficult to understand. 0,74
4. I often speak very quickly. 0,71
5. My speech is fast, often with almost no pauses between words. 0,70
6. I can speak quickly; when necessary, I can speak almost like a tongue-twister. 0,68
7. Uneven, rapid-fire speech is usual for me - very fast, but with short sudden stops, resembling bursts from an automatic weapon. 0,67
8. My thoughts are swift and impatient, instantly finding what is needed and quickly jumping to something else that has entered my field of view. 0,57
9. My walking pace is faster (I step at a higher frequency) than that of other people my age. 0,57
10. My brain works very quickly, impetuously. 0,51
11. It often happens that I walk quickly around the room in a state of anxious arousal. 0,47

12. I have a slowed reaction. -0,24
13. My advantage is that I always prefer to act a little more slowly, but without errors. -0,38
14. I usually chew slowly - even deliberately chewing quickly is difficult for me. -0,48
15. In work I am unhurried and slow; I neither like nor know how to increase its pace for the sake of time pressure, and therefore I will not do so. -0,54
16. I admit that I am a little “slow-witted.” -0,56
17. My pace of movement is usually slowed; moreover, moving quickly or turning sharply somewhere is not so much something I am too lazy to do as something that is simply physically difficult for me. -0,57
18. It is true that I have a somewhat “viscous” character. -0,63
19. I find it difficult to think quickly and move quickly. -0,68
20. I am an unhurried person in movement and speech. -0,86

5. HEADACHES

1. Tight headwear, tightened bandanas, and hair ties and headbands that pull on the hair often provoke in me a severe headache that does not disappear immediately even after its cause has been removed. 0,65
2. I experience a pulsating headache on one side of the head, radiating to the back of the head, usually arising in connection with bad weather - increased air temperature and humidity, increased cloudiness, etc. 0,51
3. I sometimes experience a suddenly appearing headache triggered by certain strong aromatic odors. 0,39
4. I often develop a headache or abdominal pain of unclear origin. 0,35
5. I get headaches fairly often - on average no less than once a month. 0,27
6. My headaches occur more often than once a month. 0,21
7. I experience headaches in the right temple associated with hunger - they occur if I skip lunch or forget to eat dinner. 0,11
8. I experience spasmodic headaches (migraines). 0,07
9. I often develop a headache immediately before or after orgasm. 0,00

6. PREDISPOSITION TO PANIC REACTIONS

1. I have had panic attacks in my life when I was extremely agitated and simply could not find a place for myself. 0,75
2. I easily fall into panic. 0,67
3. I have panic attacks. 0,60
4. When agitated, I easily begin to panic; I immediately want to do something impulsively at once and run somewhere. 0,59
5. I have panic attacks (at least once a month or more often). 0,36

7. FREQUENT BLINKING

1. Logarithm of the number of blinks per unit time (direct self-measurement of the number of blinks by questionnaire respondents). 0,76

2. I blink very rarely. -0,53

8. HEIGHTENED VIGILANT-IRRITABLE ATTENTION TO EVERYTHING UNPLEASANT, UNCOMFORTABLE, UNACCEPTABLE (UP TO AND INCLUDING DISGUST REACTIONS)

1. Various trifles often make me lose my temper. 0,74
2. I cannot stand disgusting smells. I cannot do anything properly while they are present. 0,72
3. I could be called a “princess and the pea” - I am easily irritated by any physical discomfort or inconvenience. 0,67
4. Various kinds of physical discomfort (for example, tight clothing, smells, hangnails, unsuitable room temperature, inconvenient lighting, hunger, etc., etc.) usually distract me greatly and interfere with my work. 0,67
5. As a rule, I spend a long time in bed looking for a sleeping position that will make me comfortable and allow me to fall asleep. 0,65
6. The smell and sight of scattered shit or an especially dirty garbage dump with writhing worms can easily cause me almost nauseating disgust. 0,64
7. In texts I have written, I subsequently spend a long time revising the word order in sentences so that they become smooth. 0,64
8. If a person who is present is unpleasant to me, I cannot ignore them; they constantly irritate me and make me lose my temper. 0,62
9. I avoid looking at people’s injuries - for me it is a very unpleasant sight. 0,61
10. I am picky about food. 0,59
11. I keep away from everything painful or disgusting - I know that such things impress and irritate me more strongly than they do others. 0,59
12. I am very sensitive to the unpleasant smell of some people. 0,58
13. I am squeamish, and it often happens that after shaking hands with some people I try to go wash my hands as soon as possible. 0,58
14. I easily experience a disgust reaction toward something. 0,58
15. The sight of diseases with open wounds and injuries causes in me an extremely strong desire to move away immediately and run from it, to run so as not to see anything like that. 0,55
16. I have a strongly developed sense of squeamishness - some things or objects are disgusting even to touch, almost to the point of physical nausea. 0,55
17. I quickly notice even very faint unpleasant smells, sharply acidic or putrid ones. 0,54
18. In summer I have often suffered from the intrusive whining of mosquitoes - at times it bothered me even more than mosquito bites. 0,53
19. I feel disgust toward some animals and insects. 0,52
20. I am demanding about the quality of pleasures. 0,52
21. If I see a wriggling worm crawling out of unfinished food on a plate from which I have just eaten, I can easily vomit from disgust. 0,51
22. I avoid touching anything dusty or dirty - I am squeamish and afraid of becoming infected with something. 0,51
23. I often experience and feel a sense of almost physical disgust - toward certain foods, smells, animals, or the behavior and speech manner of some people. 0,50
24. When unpleasant people are nearby, I cannot distract myself from them at all; I cannot distract myself from their appearance and presence. 0,50
25. I cannot restrain my revulsion at the sight of some animals - I would never touch certain representatives of the fauna, even if I were assured that it was safe. 0,50
26. I am afraid of tickling and do not even like talking about it. 0,49
27. There are people who evoke in me an almost physiological feeling of disgust. 0,47
28. I possess a certain nervous irritability toward everything unpleasant or wrong. 0,45
29. Many smells often irritate me. 0,44
30. I am squeamish: no poop, other people’s sick children, other people’s saliva, sweaty handshakes, other people’s dishes. I will hide from all of this in panic and wash, wash, wash. 0,43
31. I am fairly squeamish and keep away from sick people. 0,40
32. At times an unpleasant taste in my mouth persists for a long time. 0,39
33. Any discomfort irritates me strongly. 0,39
34. I have increased squeamishness toward everything dirty. 0,37
35. I find it exceptionally disgusting to listen to jokes about the butt and passing gas from it. 0,35
36. Many phenomena or people around me shock me and seem unpleasant and therefore intolerable. 0,33
37. I am squeamish and irritably irreconcilable toward everything bad, stupid, or obviously wrong. 0,32
38. I react very painfully to unwanted touches and unpleasant smells. 0,32
39. I think I experience feelings of disgust or revulsion more often than others. 0,31
40. I regard any dishonesty in people with disgust. 0,31

41. I know how not to notice everything that may be unpleasant. -0,45
42. I could pick up a snake without any problem or squeamishness if I were sure it would not bite me. -0,51
43. I am patient and tolerant toward people whom many consider unpleasant. -0,56
44. It is true that other people’s insolence and boorishness neither offend nor shock me. -0,56
45. My capacity for work depends very little on which particular people are present in the room. -0,59
46. I can withstand all kinds of unpleasant or painful sensations better and longer than others - perhaps I am simply more indifferent to them. -0,61
47. If people in a group make fun of me, I notice it little and usually simply pay no attention to it. -0,64
48. The feeling of physical disgust is practically unknown to me. -0,65
49. I can live with no comfort at all, and even if things are very difficult for me, I will never whine. -0,70

9. IMPULSIVITY

1. I am highly characterized by impatience. 0,74
2. I am a person of impulsive actions. 0,69
3. I am more impulsive than deliberate and judicious. 0,65
4. I often make some move impulsively, practically without thinking about whether the choice is correct. 0,61
5. I usually make decisions impulsively and without thinking for long, on the basis of the first impression. 0,51
6. I often do something under the influence of my momentary mood. 0,50
7. I often act impulsively and, as later turns out, without having thought everything through to the end. 0,37
8. I quite often commit poorly thought-out acts. 0,36

9. I first weigh and evaluate any action I am considering. -0,46
10. I belong rather to the half of people who are more cautious, carefully consider possible consequences, and tend to “put down straw in advance.” -0,54
11. I always think first and act afterward. -0,58
12. I always speak and act deliberately, having thought beforehand. -0,62
13. I am self-critical and not impulsive; I always weigh my actions in advance. -0,62
14. There is no impulsivity or emergency-style rushing in me at all; by nature I am rather viscously pedantic. -0,69
15. I am very good at controlling and keeping my desires and impulses in check. -0,73
16. I easily refrain from my first impulsive urges and from any impulsive actions in general. -0,78

10. HIGH CARDIAC ACTIVITY (ACCELERATED PULSE) AND ELEVATED ARTERIAL PRESSURE (DUE TO VASOCONSTRICTION UNDER THE ACTION OF NOREPINEPHRINE)

1. I often have states in which I am aroused and, in addition, my palms are moist, my pulse is accelerated, and my breathing becomes intermittent. 0,81
2. I usually have a fast pulse (fast heart rhythm). 0,78
3. Even at rest my heart usually beats quickly, 80-90 beats per minute or even more. 0,74
4. My pulse and breathing often become noticeably faster. 0,64
5. I often experience accelerated heartbeats. 0,53
6. I usually have an accelerated pulse (my heart almost always beats more than 70 times per minute). 0,48
7. For one reason or another I often enter a state of arousal - with an accelerated pulse and sometimes also a sensation of a “rush of blood” (that is, a temporary increase in arterial blood pressure). 0,44
8. From a sudden loud clap I usually feel that my heart has begun to beat faster. 0,35
9. I often directly feel my heart pounding in my chest; there is no need even to check the pulse at my wrist. 0,28
10. My arterial blood pressure is usually elevated or somewhat above normal. 0,10
11. I have a tendency toward hypertension (increases in blood pressure). 0,08
12. I have a tendency toward coronary disorders and hypertension (sharp increases in blood pressure). -0,11
13. When excited I often feel my heartbeat accelerate. -0,11
14. When excited my blood pressure immediately rises - I feel it from a rush of blood, heaviness in the eyes, etc. -0,22

15. Compared with other people, as a rule I have reduced arterial pressure (hypotension). 0,51
16. I have low blood pressure. 0,13
17. My systolic blood pressure often turns out to be below 100 mm Hg. -0,16
18. My pulse is usually infrequent, fewer than 65 beats per minute. -0,22
19. My heart always beats slowly and unhurriedly, no more than 60-70 beats per minute, and it does not have a tendency to accelerate from excitement. -0,54

11. LIGHT, SUPERFICIAL SLEEP – AWAKENS EVEN FROM WEAK NOISE AND QUIET SOUNDS (see: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/07/c_139192655.htm ).

1. I have light, superficial sleep. 0,63
2. At night I usually wake from the slightest call or noise. 0,53
3. I wake even from weak noise and quiet sounds. 0,52

12. VISION PROBLEMS

1. I have vision problems. 0,49
2. One of my eyes sees much worse than the other (5 if the difference in visual acuity is very large, 1 - if there is no difference at all). 0,42
3. I have severe myopia (both eyes require correction with lenses of minus three diopters or more). 0,29
4. I have hyperopia - I see well only through lenses with positive diopters. 0,15

5. I have sharp vision. -0,05
6. I have perfect vision without glasses, with no myopia. -0,13
7. I have perfect vision: in glasses that are comfortable for me (or with no glasses at all), I can see and distinguish the smallest letters in visual-acuity charts. -0,33
8. Vision contributes much more to my thoughts than hearing, taste, smell, and touch combined. -0,47
9. It is true that I have never had visual deceptions. -0,48
10. It is true that I never have visual deceptions in the form of any twilight illusions. -0,51

13. ELEVATED ANXIETY

1. I am a nervous person. 0,65
2. I experience fear of death, fear of disappearance. 0,62
3. Someone’s sudden sharp movement often makes me tense up instantly or visibly jerk. 0,61
4. I often worry about what has not yet happened and does not exist, but could in principle happen. 0,58
5. I often worry about my health. 0,57
6. Even very weak external stimuli can deprive me of peace of mind. 0,56
7. I am a restless person. 0,54
8. I often experience anxiety and worry. 0,53
9. Almost every time I leave home, I agonizingly wonder whether I locked the door or closed all the taps in the house. 0,49
10. I often care too much about what others may think. 0,49
11. I often have a restless-irritable mood. 0,47
12. I often get nervous. 0,46
13. I am often internally tense and almost on the verge of an explosion or panic. 0,42
14. I am haunted by fear of death or fear of doing something insane. 0,39
15. Places where I did not plan to find myself, or unexpected turns of events, evoke anxiety in me rather than curiosity. 0,39
16. I often feel nervous before I have even begun any task. 0,38
17. A high level of fearfulness and anxiety is usual for me. 0,36
18. I very frequently experience anxious sensations and states. 0,36
19. I easily “catch” other people’s anxiety. 0,34
20. I often have anxious states in which I am not visibly twitching and am sitting still, but my head is full of restless thoughts. 0,32
21. I worry more often than others. 0,31
22. More than a year ago (or many years ago) I encountered a very serious threat; I still cannot forget it, and now, when life again presents me with some real and comparatively minor danger, my internal alarm signal “breaks into a shriek.” 0,31
23. I often experience fear or anxiety. 0,30
24. Frequently recurring attacks of anxiety are usual for me. 0,30
25. The naturally arising feeling of anxiety or fear before an approaching examination almost always paralyzed me and interfered with studying. 0,28
26. I often have some kind of anxious thoughts. 0,27
27. I often “get stuck” on certain thoughts or fears that begin to pursue me for a long time. 0,27
28. I often feel anxious and tense. 0,24
29. I often experience fears or worry. 0,18
30. In the morning, shortly after waking, I often experience nausea (especially if I am anxious and hurrying somewhere). 0,17
31. I often get nervous because I feel my vulnerability or dependence. 0,16
32. I have often been haunted by obsessive suspicions and anxieties. 0,14

33. I am always spontaneous in my behavior; it is difficult to offend or upset me. -0,32
34. Anxiety is not characteristic of me. -0,32
35. On average, my mood contains much more of a feeling of calm, confident comfort than anger or anxiety. -0,34
36. When in a bad mood I am more inclined toward melancholy and unwillingness to move than toward anxiety and restlessness. -0,48
37. I am often criticized for not worrying about many things that concern other people. -0,50
38. I easily avoid unnecessary irritation and worry over trifles. -0,51
39. I extremely rarely have reasons to worry and be nervous. -0,52
40. In critical situations I can completely block emotions, allowing neither fear nor panic. -0,53
41. In life I am a “don’t-care” type and am not inclined to exaggerate anything, especially possible troubles. -0,53
42. I know how not to become irritated by anything and, through this, to achieve my goals and live for my own pleasure. -0,54
43. I often lack impulses to act - no anxiety or worry, but then I also do not want to move, and even talking feels like too much effort. -0,57
44. I am indifferent to remarks and criticism directed at me - they rarely affect me seriously, and in any event do not excite me and provide little stimulation. -0,58
45. I am almost always calm about the state of my health. -0,59
46. I categorically do not remember ever feeling nauseated in the mornings “from nerves.” -0,59
47. In a bad mood, “transparent melancholy” is more characteristic of me than anxiety and tension. -0,65

14. EASILY INDUCED TEARING FROM THE EYES

1. Some moments in films I watch can quite easily cause an involuntary tear to appear in my eyes. 0,59
2. From joy, from fullness of feeling, tears sometimes appear in my eyes. 0,52
3. Abundant tears easily “well up” in my eyes. 0,49
4. At times I have to wipe away a tear that wells up in my eye just like that, for no reason at all. 0,43
5. Watching certain scenes from films is quite capable of “knocking” a tear out of me. 0,35
6. If someone close to me cries, tears also come to my own eyes. 0,23

7. I practically cannot produce tears from my eyes - even when there is every reason to cry. -0,53

15. RAPID DECISION-MAKING IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS (norepinephrine plus, acetylcholine plus)

8. I often show initiative. 0,60
9. It is true that I am never at a loss for words. 0,48
10. I am impatient, and I immediately put any task I like onto practical rails. 0,44
11. I work practically always at a fast pace. 0,38
12. I like work in which one has to make various decisions frequently. 0,28
13. In crisis situations I tend to take the initiative. 0,20

14. Usually, in a state of great danger, I purely reflexively “freeze” for a while. -0,23
15. In a state of agitation I often freeze in place, as though the desire and ability to move anywhere disappear. -0,25
16. I spend a great deal of time making decisions. -0,29
17. I prefer to perform any tasks without haste and become irritated if I am rushed. -0,37
18. I often delay in acting and making decisions - it is simply difficult to reach something definite quickly, and the “strength of desire” is also often lacking. -0,37
19. I spend a great deal of time thinking and making decisions. -0,39
20. I am often characterized by indecisiveness; an instantaneous reaction to changes in the situation is also absent. -0,44
21. In a new, incomprehensible situation, my first desire is to freeze in place. -0,52
22. On entering a new environment, I look around for a long time. -0,54
23. I feel confused in unexpected situations involving a large number of people. -0,57

16. DILATED PUPILS

1. The pupils of my eyes are usually dilated, sometimes almost across the entire iris (in any case, they are often wider than those of other people). 0,59
2. Often, even in the light and without taking any medications, I have wide dark pupils - almost across the entire iris (but for me this is normal). 0,45
3. The pupils of my eyes are more often dilated than constricted. 0,19

4. Compared with many other people, the pupils of my eyes are usually small and narrow, resembling points. -0,02
5. The pupils of my eyes are more often constricted than dilated. -0,40
6. The pupils of my eyes are more often small and narrow, point-like, rather than wide. -0,65

17. POOR TOLERANCE OF COLD DUE TO ADRENERGIC CONSTRICTION OF PERIPHERAL VESSELS (sympathicotonia, sympathoadrenal crisis)

1. As a rule, I quickly become cold in a cool room. 0,54
2. In cool air my hands and feet often become cold, “like ice.” 0,43
3. My extremities sometimes become slightly numb and I experience a feeling of cold in them. 0,32
4. Even when I am not ill, I sometimes have chills, when my body begins to shake as though from cold (this happens at least once a month). 0,26
5. My hands and feet often become cold, “like ice.” 0,24
6. I experience a sensation of numbness or cooling of the extremities (I encounter such sensations at least once every two weeks). 0,12

7. If I happen to fall asleep during the day, I usually sleep without covering myself. -0,45

18. READINESS FOR STRESS, STRESS RESISTANCE

8. Very often in life I find myself in a state of severe stress tension, when all my strength becomes concentrated and mobilized. 0,57
9. I am usually very effective in all kinds of emergency situations. 0,50
10. I like, and at least am accustomed to, living under constant “driving” tension. 0,38
11. I am always ready for action, struggle, and movement. 0,25
12. I am often or constantly tense and ready to fight back. 0,21
13. In the event of threatening danger, I can mobilize more quickly than other people and concentrate all my strength for resistance. 0,18
14. I never give up, and like the Phoenix rising from the ashes I am ready to begin the ascent again and again. 0,03
15. I am stress-resistant; under extreme conditions I mobilize and can offer decisive resistance. -0,02

16. Because of agitation I often find it very difficult to collect my thoughts. -0,14
17. Under the influence of some real threat or danger, I somehow quite automatically become a homebody and more withdrawn than usual. -0,17
18. Under time pressure I quickly lose the ability to analyze my surroundings logically. -0,22
19. Under conditions of time pressure and nervous tension, I sometimes become confused and even begin to feel distracted and sleepy. -0,34
20. The thought that “all is vanity of vanities and vexation of spirit” is closer to me than the thought that a person should be a warrior, fighting to the end for their cause. -0,35
21. I tolerate situations of stress tension poorly - I mobilize with difficulty and afterward feel exhausted for a long time. -0,35
22. I avoid stressful situations – my work capacity declines in them, and sometimes even my head begins to ache. -0,42
23. I often find it difficult to begin the necessary movement or action required to perform a task immediately and without a pause - as though for several seconds some kind of forcible stupor descends on me. -0,44
24. In situations requiring speed and a sharp exertion of strength and attention, I tire quickly. -0,45
25. I know how to wait sensitively for the right moment, remaining submissive to fate. -0,49
26. I always alternate work with rest and avoid stressful situations. -0,56

19. IMPAIRMENT OF FINE LOW-AMPLITUDE MOTOR SKILLS (INCLUDING AWKWARD HANDWRITING AS A CONSEQUENCE)

1. Wide spaces between lines are characteristic of my handwriting. 0,34
2. In my ordinary handwriting I find it difficult to write even, identical letters. 0,29
3. My handwriting has wide white spaces between lines. 0,21
4. I am clumsy when tying shoelaces. 0,13
5. The same letters in my handwriting inevitably “dance” in size and shape, even when I make an effort while writing - I certainly could not be a calligrapher. 0,12
6. I find it difficult to write even, identical letters. 0,11
7. When I type text on a keyboard, my finger movements are usually intermittent and awkward; a single smooth “melody of tapping” does not emerge. 0,02

8. Compared with other people’s handwriting, mine is more legible and “calligraphic” (the letters are identical, neat, not “assorted”). -0,18
9. I easily thread a needle - the movements of my fingers are always precisely calibrated. -0,31
10. As a rule, I have small, “compact” handwriting, with small letters. -0,75

20. AVOIDANCE OF HIGH-RISK SITUATIONS (does not seek to raise norepinephrine levels additionally)

1. I do not like lending my things to other people. 0,43
2. When I travel, I prefer to know in advance where I will stay and that the place is safe. 0,42
3. I do not like risky undertakings. 0,34
4. Avoiding pain is usually more important to me than experiencing pleasure. 0,14
5. I do not understand risk and all kinds of impulsive thrills, and people who like them ought to be strongly restricted in life. 0,02

6. I like experimenting with new and unusual sensations. -0,06
7. I like everything risky, adventurous, and especially unusual. -0,07
8. As a child I was a cheerfully high-spirited and irrepressible hooligan. -0,09
9. Undertaking something risky is the best way to combat boredom. -0,09
10. I am often drawn to extreme activities with their pleasant excitement and feeling of victory. -0,13
11. I would like to have lived in the Middle Ages on a pirate island in the Caribbean Sea. -0,16
12. I am attracted to situations of bravado, good fortune, and nerve-exciting risk “on the edge.” -0,20
13. I am interested in situations involving heightened excitement, whether skydiving, rock climbing, or exciting passionate relationships. -0,25
14. I am prepared to boldly undertake activities such as skydiving or motorcycle racing. -0,38
15. Unexpected changes of plans or instructions do not irritate me. -0,39
16. I am ready to try anything. -0,45
17. I like horror films. -0,54

21. DEPRESSIVE STATES ACCOMPANIED BY SYMPTOMS OF APATHY AND DEPRESSED MOOD ARE UNCHARACTERISTIC

1. I react quickly and sometimes even impulsively. 0,72
2. I have energy in excess; it always needs to be directed somewhere. 0,61
3. My desires are sometimes so strong that I do not like to wait; I prefer to achieve everything directly and immediately, “by hook or by crook,” at any cost. 0,58
4. I am ready for energetic action at any moment, often even with an “excess” of energy expenditure. 0,50
5. My motivations are always strong and promising, and therefore very absorbing and attractive. 0,46
6. I am always in motion. 0,39
7. I like energetic movements and active, mobile work. 0,37
8. My strong side is practicality, energy, and persistence. 0,34
9. I like intensive work. 0,31
10. I usually move quickly, energetically, and confidently. 0,30
11. An idea of something immediately turns into action, movement, and work for me; I do not need time for intermediate emotional arousal and getting myself going. 0,24
12. I am very action-oriented. 0,09
13. My way of life contains a great deal of pleasant physical exertion and a great deal of physical activity. -0,02
14. Practically always I am completely confident both in myself and in my friends. -0,10

15. During the past month I have more than once had to experience feelings of grief, despondency, sadness, melancholy, depression, almost despair. 0,41
16. I experience depression or mood swings. 0,32
17. I often feel sleepy and tired and want to be left alone. 0,16
18. I often have a depressed mood, without any apparent reason. 0,11
19. While reading textbooks, for example when preparing for examinations, I have often found it difficult to “focus” my thoughts - fatigue and a feeling of being “drained” usually developed rapidly from the very beginning, attention became diffuse, and the necessary clarity of understanding was not achieved. 0,09
20. I quite often have states involving muscular weakness and a certain confusion of consciousness and dispersion of attention. 0,05
21. I quite often feel a lack of clarity of thought - attention is scattered, it is difficult to think into the meaning of phrases, the muscles are tired and sluggish, and overall there is a feeling of some kind of inadequacy in myself at that moment. 0,01
22. I often experience quiet melancholy and a feeling of oppressive heaviness in the soul. 0,01
23. I feel a lack of energy. -0,02
24. I often feel tired for no particular reason. -0,02
25. I am often in a depressive-minor mood. -0,04
26. I often lose heart and seem to myself to be a person poorly adapted to life. -0,05
27. In work I devote a very great deal of attention to making sure it does not cause tiredness or fatigue. -0,07
28. If I try to do everything I have promised, I often quickly begin to feel outright physical exhaustion and apathy. -0,08
29. I feel fatigue, sluggishness, or slowing of movements. -0,09
30. I am often haunted by a bad mood, depression, and tension. -0,11
31. I tire even from insignificant physical exertion. -0,12
32. I have prolonged periods of bad, melancholy-depressive mood with indifferent apathy. -0,13
33. I tire and become distracted quickly; I lack “internal energy.” -0,14
34. I often want to hide, leave, dissolve, disappear. -0,14
35. I often experience a state in which I am tired of everything. -0,17
36. I feel apathy, an absence of motivation for action. -0,17
37. My body lacks muscular tone. -0,19
38. I often feel dissatisfaction or fatigue. -0,19
39. I am often passive and grumbling and look for illnesses in myself. -0,22
40. I am often tormented by apathy (unwillingness to move) with loss of interest in everything. -0,26
41. At times I find it difficult to emerge from a state of thoughtlessness and lazy contemplation. -0,27
42. I have low motivation for action. -0,28
43. I usually lack motivation to do anything. -0,28
44. I often remain in inactive depression. -0,28
45. I feel lazy immobility in my body more often than mobilized readiness of my muscles for instantaneous action. -0,29
46. My handshake is rather soft, somewhat sluggish and cautious. -0,31
47. I am usually relaxed and uncollected; intense work activity is difficult for me if I also have to remain mobile and dynamic for a long time. -0,34
48. From the outside I sometimes seem like a very uncollected and inactive person - indeed, I am more accustomed to waiting for the right moment when everything falls into my hands by itself than to stupidly and untimely rowing against the current. -0,35
49. I am characterized by apathy (that is, very often there is not enough purposefulness and desire for anything). -0,36
50. My desires are usually vague; they lack strength. -0,45
51. I am very slow and dreamy; it is not easy to stir me into action in reality. -0,45
52. I often “brake” - it is difficult to emerge from sluggishness and absent-mindedness. -0,49
53. I often lack energy reserves; at times I envy the energy and uninhibitedness of other people. -0,50
54. My speech is usually monotonous and sluggish, with pauses. -0,69
55. My mood is somehow excessively “even,” excessively apathetic and passive; there is a noticeable lack of motivation and “taste for life.” -0,74
56. I am rarely strongly drawn to anything - it seems I can do without everything. -0,84

22. ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE MENTALLY AND FOCUS ATTENTION ON A TASK

1. I usually have a concentrated-tense state of mind, often accompanied by irritation and impatience. 0,19
2. I am often so absorbed in something while working at a desk that I practically do not notice at all what is happening around me - which people are walking near me at that time and what objects they are carrying. 0,17
3. I usually have very high mental working capacity, with good concentration, rapid memory, and clarity of thought. -0,04
4. When I am among people, my visual attention is always concentrated and tense. -0,19
5. I easily tolerate prolonged mental loads requiring high concentration of mental attention and frequent recourse to memory. -0,30
6. I find it easy to keep my attention on the course of my reasoning. -0,33
7. My thoughts are always clear and concentrated, without any difficulty in concentrating them. -0,40
8. I know how to concentrate my attention completely only on the main information and main problems, while ignoring everything of little significance. -0,44
9. I can easily, without difficulty, concentrate my attention (on an object, thought, or memory). -0,47
10. I practically always have unhurried and clear thoughts with quite sufficient distinctness and concentration, with no difficulty concentrating on one thought in order to consider it from all sides. -0,54

11. I experience difficulty concentrating my thoughts. 0,43
12. I feel that I often find it difficult to learn something - it is difficult to concentrate and difficult to remember (my thoughts are diffuse, my head is often as if in a fog). 0,35
13. I am usually easily distracted; it is difficult to concentrate attention for long and focus on one thing. 0,34
14. There are states in which I become confused in my thoughts - I cannot concentrate on any one of them in order to decide something, and in general there is a great deal of irreducible disorderly fuss and some kind of “fog” in my head. 0,30
15. I find it difficult to concentrate on one thing for a long time. 0,29
16. I find it difficult to consciously concentrate attention on some task - however hard I try, I am still involuntarily distracted by all kinds of interfering external stimuli. 0,21
17. I find it difficult to concentrate and focus my thoughts at the initial stage of work - my thoughts keep trying to scatter again onto philosophical-eternal themes. 0,16
18. I sometimes find it difficult to concentrate attention in everyday situations. 0,15
19. Recently I have often had a kind of “murky” state in which it is difficult to concentrate and focus my thoughts - compared with better times, they strongly lack some sort of, so to speak, “farsightedness,” transparent clarity. 0,08
20. I often find it difficult to mobilize myself and concentrate on carrying out some task important to me. 0,03
21. The more I try to concentrate, the more absent-minded I become. -0,03
22. Too often I feel difficulty concentrating, a lazy diffuseness of attention. -0,04
23. I am rather slow-witted; my thoughts lack impulsive speed. -0,70

© V. L. Talanov 2020 (experimental data)